Physiology Lecture Notes PDF - Fall 2024 - GALALA University

F A C U L T Y O F N u r s i n g F A L L 2 0 2 4 Faculty of Nursing Physiology Introduction to Physiology Dr. Doaa Abdel Wahed Physiology Department Facu...

F A C U L T Y O F N u r s i n g F A L L 2 0 2 4 Faculty of Nursing Physiology Introduction to Physiology Dr. Doaa Abdel Wahed Physiology Department Faculty of Medicine 2 Faculty of Nursing Intended Learning Outcomes - By the end of this lecture, you should be able to: 1. Define Physiology. 2. Recognize the physiology of the cell. 3. Know the structure of the cell membrane & cytoskeleton. 4. Study the structure and function of the cell. 5. Know the structure of the nucleolus. 6. Study the cytoplasm and its organelles 3 Faculty of Nursing Physiology Physiology is the study of NORMAL body functions. The study of the normal functions of a living organism. 4 Faculty of Nursing Human Body Parts 5 Faculty of Nursing The Physiology Of The Cell - Is the basic unit of both structure and function. - Cell is the smallest structure of living matter, which is capable of functioning as an independent units i.e. cell, is structural & functional unit of tissues. 6 Faculty of Nursing In uni-cellular organism (e.g. Ameoba) The cell performs all vital processes needed for life e.g. respiration, digestion, movement & reproduction. * In multi-cellular organisms (e.g. Humans) Group of cells collect together to form tissues or organs to perform specific functions. But still each cell can sustain its own life Faculty of Nursing To understand the function of organs and other structures of the body, it is essential that we first understand the basic organization of the cell and the functions of its component parts. Cell Structure Plasma membrane Protoplasm Cytoplasm Nucleus 8 Faculty of Nursing Cell Structure The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a Nuclear Membrane. The cytoplasm is separated from the surrounding fluids by a Cell Membrane. It also contains Intracellular Organelles. 9 Faculty of Nursing 1- The Cell Membrane The cell membrane’s basic structure is a lipid bilayer, it is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass through it and excluding others. Interspersed in this lipid film are large globular protein molecules. 10 Faculty of Nursing 2- The Cytoskeleton All cells have a cytoskeleton, a system of fibers that not only maintains the structure of the cell but also permits it to change shape and move. Intermediate Filaments Microtubules Microfilaments 11 Faculty of Nursing The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by ????? The cytoplasm is separated from surrounding fluids by a ???? The importance of cytoskeleton ????? The basic structure of the cell membrane is ????? 12 Faculty of Nursing 13 Faculty of Nursing Nuclear 3- The Nucleus membrane Chromatin (DNA) The nucleus is the control center of the cell. It contains large quantities of DNA, which are the genes. The GENES determine the characteristics of the cell. The Nucleolus is an accumulation of large amounts of RNA and proteins. Faculty of Nursing 4- The Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Nucleus The clear fluid portion of the cytoplasm in is called CYTOSOL; this contains mainly dissolved proteins, electrolytes, and glucose. Dispersed in the cytoplasm are important organelles. Faculty of Nursing Cytoplasmic Organelles Endoplasmic Golgi Mitochondria Lysosomes Peroxisomes Reticulum Apparatus Faculty of Nursing Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Nuclear membrane Rough ER Nucleus Smooth ER Attached to the outer Part of the endoplasmic surfaces of many parts of reticulum has NO attached the ER are large numbers of ribosomes. minute granular particles It functions for the called Ribosomes. synthesis of lipid The ribosomes function is substances. to synthesize new protein Rough ER molecules. Smooth ER Faculty of Nursing Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus The Golgi apparatus, is closely related to the endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus This apparatus is prominent in secretory cells, where it is located on the side of the cell from which the secretory substances are extruded. Faculty of Nursing Mitochondria The mitochondria are called the “powerhouses” of the cell. They form the energy-rich compound ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Faculty of Nursing Lysosomes The lysosomes provide an intracellular digestive system and hydrolytic enzymes that allows the cell to digest: (1) Damaged cellular structures. (2) Food particles that have been ingested by the cell. (3) Unwanted matter such as bacteria. The membrane surrounding the lysosome prevents the enclosed hydrolytic enzymes from coming in contact with other substances in the cell and, therefore, prevents their digestive actions. Faculty of Nursing Peroxisomes Peroxisomes contain enzymes (Oxidases) that can oxidize many substances that might otherwise be poisonous to the cell. Faculty of Nursing Rough versus smooth endoplasmic reticulum ????? The Nucleolus contains ????? Why are the mitochondria called the powerhouses of the cell ????? What is the function of peroxisomes ????? 22 Faculty of Nursing 23 Faculty of Nursing Thank you