Introduction to Philosophy Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is the meaning of the word "ethos"?

Character

What is the meaning of the word "aesthesthai"?

Perceive

What is the meaning of the word "episteme"?

Knowledge

What are the two meanings of the word "meta"?

<p>Beyond, nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two branches of philosophy?

<p>Cognitive and Normative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Principle of Excluded Middle states that a thing can be both A and not A at the same time.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Principle of Sufficient Reason states that everything exists with a sufficient reason for its being and existence.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Principle of Non-Contradiction states that a thing cannot be both A and not A at the same time.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Principle of Identity states that a thing is its own being, and not-being is not-being.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Philosophy is distinct from other sciences because it studies only one dimension of reality.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Science is a body of knowledge that is systematic and follows specific steps or procedures.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Philosophy studies the first causes or highest principles of all things using the natural light of reason.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aristotle believed that human beings are composed only of a physical body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aristotle opposed Plato's Theory of Forms.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What school did Aristotle establish after studying under Plato?

<p>Lyceum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the title of Plato's famous work that describes the limitations of our perception of reality?

<p>Allegory of the Cave</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main question that Plato's philosophy seeks to solve?

<p>The question of the real and unreal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Plato's perspective on knowledge?

<p>Knowledge is innate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Socrates believe about an unexamined life?

<p>It is not worth living</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Socrates approach philosophy?

<p>By making dialogues with various people</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of Socrates's philosophical inquiries?

<p>Getting at the answers to important questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Socrates's philosophy help people?

<p>It helped many people examine how they lived and understood life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Socrates was born in Athens, Greece.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Socrates cared deeply about external appearances.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Socrates was concerned about wealth and worldly goods.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Thales's contribution to philosophy?

<p>He was the first individual who tried to reduce the multiplicity into a unity, believing that everything is related to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference that Thales's approach highlights between religion and philosophy?

<p>The difference between religion and philosophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What city is considered the birthplace of philosophy in the West?

<p>Greece</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the 'Father of Philosophy' in Western civilization?

<p>Thales</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the virtue of philosophy according to the text?

<p>It teaches not what to think but how to think</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most accurate definition of philosophy according to the text?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two Greek words does the word 'philosophy' come from?

<p>Philos (love) and Sophia (wisdom)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the word 'LOVE' with respect to philosophy?

<p>A strong desire for a particular object</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the word 'WISDOM' with respect to philosophy?

<p>Correct application of knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Who was Thales?

The first philosopher in Western Civilization, Thales is known for trying to unify all things, focusing on the interconnectedness of everything.

What was Socrates' core belief?

Socrates believed that individuals should actively seek knowledge and understanding, rather than accepting life passively. He famously said "The unexamined life is not worth living."

Explain Plato's Theory of Forms.

Plato's philosophy revolves around the concepts of innate knowledge and the Theory of Forms. He believes that true knowledge lies beyond our senses in the world of perfect Forms.

What was Aristotle's primary philosophical belief?

Aristotle, a student of Plato, disagreed with his teacher's Theory of Forms. He believed in the importance of observing the world and drawing conclusions through logic and empirical evidence.

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What is the origin of the word 'philosophy'?

The word 'philosophy' comes from the Greek words 'philos', meaning love, and 'Sophia', meaning wisdom. Philosophy essentially means the 'love of wisdom'.

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Explain the concept of primary reflection.

Primary reflection refers to the ability to think logically, construct arguments, and evaluate them. It's about using your reason to understand the world.

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What is the main concept behind secondary reflection?

Secondary reflection goes beyond logical thinking and involves looking inward at your own experiences and understanding their broader implications in the context of reality.

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What does the branch of philosophy called 'metaphysics' study?

Metaphysics explores the nature of existence, reality, and the underlying principles that govern the universe. Questions like 'what is real?' and 'what is beyond our senses?' are central to metaphysics.

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What is the field of study known as 'epistemology'?

Epistemology deals with the nature and scope of knowledge. It grapples with questions like 'how do we know what we know?' and 'what constitutes true knowledge?'

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What is 'ethics' concerned with?

Ethics explores the nature of morality, right and wrong, and how to live a good life. It examines questions about our obligations to ourselves and others.

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What is the focus of the philosophical field of 'politics'?

Politics, in a philosophical sense, studies the nature of power, justice, and governance. It examines how power is exercised and how to create a just and equitable society.

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What does the branch of philosophy called 'aesthetics' study?

Aesthetics delves into the nature of beauty, art, and artistic experience. It explores questions like 'what makes something beautiful?' and 'what is the role of art in human life?'

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What is 'logic' in philosophy?

The science of correct thinking, logic is a fundamental tool in philosophy. It involves the process of using reason and evidence to draw valid conclusions.

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What are Cognitive Branches of philosophy?

Cognitive Branches provide a framework for understanding being and knowing. They seek to describe and explain the world around us, without making judgments about what is good or bad.

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What is the focus of Normative Branches of philosophy?

Normative Branches define the standards of good and bad, right and wrong. They provide frameworks for making ethical and moral judgments and guide us towards living a virtuous life.

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Explain the Principle of Identity.

The Principle of Identity states that everything is itself and not something else. It emphasizes the distinct nature of each individual thing.

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What does the Principle of Non-Contradiction emphasize?

The Principle of Non-Contradiction states that a thing cannot be and not be at the same time. It's the basis of logical consistency and prevents contradictions.

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What is the core idea behind the Principle of Sufficient Reason?

The Principle of Sufficient Reason suggests that everything has a reason for its existence. It pushes us to seek explanations for why things are the way they are.

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What is meant by the Principle of Excluded Middle?

The Principle of Excluded Middle states that something either is or is not; there's no middle ground. This principle guides our thinking by eliminating vagueness and ambiguity.

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How is philosophy multidimensional?

Philosophy is not limited to a single perspective or dimension. It embraces the holistic nature of knowledge and explores different aspects of the universe.

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What is 'science'?

Science refers to a systematic and organized body of knowledge acquired through observation, experimentation, and testing. It emphasizes a logical and structured approach to understanding the world.

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How can we define philosophy?

Philosophy is like a search for ultimate knowledge, seeking to understand the first causes and underlying principles of everything. It uses reason as its primary tool.

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Explain the STOP method in moral theology.

The STOP sign is the key guideline for moral decision-making in moral theology. It stands for 'Search, Think, Others, Pray'.

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What is the role of prayer in theology?

Prayer is a distinctive tool in theological reflection, allowing individuals to communicate their beliefs and seek guidance from a higher power.

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What is the main concept behind the 'Think' step of the STOP method?

In the 'Think' step, we are encouraged to weigh the implications of our choices, including both positive and negative effects.

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Why is considering others important in the STOP method?

The 'Others' step reminds us to consider the impact of our decisions on those around us, recognizing the social dimension of our actions.

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What is the significance of the 'Pray' step in the STOP method?

The 'Pray' step invites us to seek guidance and support from a higher power in our decision-making process. It reminds us that we're not alone in our ethical journey.

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Study Notes

Philosophical Concepts

  • Philosophy is the study of fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language
  • It's a persistent pursuit of knowledge and truth
  • It's considered the "mother of all sciences"
  • It's a way of life
  • It's a science, meaning an organized body of knowledge that is systematic and follows steps or employs procedures
  • It's the study of meaning and principles underlying conduct, thought, and knowledge
  • It's distinct from other sciences as it's not one-dimensional or partial, but rather multi-dimensional
  • It seeks understanding of all things

Branches of Philosophy

  • Metaphysics: Study of existence (what's out there?) (e.g., the nature of reality, time, space)
  • Epistemology: Study of knowledge (how do I know about it?) (e.g., the nature of knowledge, justification, belief)
  • Ethics: Study of action (what should I do?) (e.g., moral values, right and wrong)
  • Politics: Study of force (what actions are permissible?) (e.g., the nature of power, justice, rights)
  • Aesthetics: Study of art (what life can be like?) (e.g., beauty, art, taste)

Philosophical Tools and Processes

  • Philosophical Questions: Philosophy was born because of ignorance. Asking questions leads to greater knowledge
  • Logical Reasoning: The process of thinking about something logically to form a conclusion or judgment.
  • Primary Reflection: Ability to think logically, construct arguments, and evaluate them.
  • Secondary Reflection: enables us to look deeper into our experiences and see the bigger picture of reality.
  • STOP sign for moral decision-making (S - Search, T - Think, O - others, P - Pray)

First Principles

  • Principle of Identity: Whatever is is; whatever is not is not; everything is its own being
  • Principle of Contradiction: It's impossible for a thing to be and not be at the same time
  • Principle of Excluded Middle: A thing is either is or is not; there is no middle ground between being and not being that's possible
  • Principle of Sufficient Reason: Nothing exists without a sufficient reason for its being and existence

Notable Philosophers

  • Socrates: "An unexamined life is not worth living". He used dialogues to explore crucial questions about life. Focused on the inner world and importance of questioning for self-understanding.
  • Plato: Served as a transcriber of the past. Developed the "Allegory of the Cave", exploring the dual world of the real and unreal. Sought to explain the question of the real and unreal and its impact on doing philosophy.
  • Aristotle: Born around 384 BCE. Studied under Plato and established his school, the Lyceum. Opposed Plato's Theory of Forms, proposing humans consist of body and mind. Emphasised using intellect to its fullest (e.g. being a doctor rather than a fireman etc).
  • Thales: He is considered the first philosopher in the West, and tried categorizing things as a unity, and highlighted the difference between religion and philosophy.

Additional Insights

  • History of Philosophy: Philosophy originated in Greece.
  • Definition of Philosophy: Etymologically philos (love) and Sophia (wisdom).

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Description

This quiz covers fundamental concepts in philosophy, including its definition, significance, and the various branches such as metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and politics. Engage with the core ideas that shape philosophical thought and explore how these concepts apply to understanding existence, knowledge, and values.

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