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Questions and Answers
Theoretical philosophy is primarily concerned with practical applications of knowledge.
Theoretical philosophy is primarily concerned with practical applications of knowledge.
False
The concept of ethics is considered a part of theoretical philosophy.
The concept of ethics is considered a part of theoretical philosophy.
True
Eastern philosophy focuses solely on practical concerns without addressing fundamental questions.
Eastern philosophy focuses solely on practical concerns without addressing fundamental questions.
False
Theoretical philosophy can be described as concrete and easily applicable to everyday problems.
Theoretical philosophy can be described as concrete and easily applicable to everyday problems.
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Philosophy can be categorized into various branches including theoretical and ethical philosophy.
Philosophy can be categorized into various branches including theoretical and ethical philosophy.
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Western philosophy tends to focus on a more spiritual approach compared to Eastern philosophy.
Western philosophy tends to focus on a more spiritual approach compared to Eastern philosophy.
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Metaphysics is concerned with questions like 'What is freedom?'
Metaphysics is concerned with questions like 'What is freedom?'
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Axiology is the study that deals with virtues and values.
Axiology is the study that deals with virtues and values.
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Epistemology is described as the practical branch of philosophy.
Epistemology is described as the practical branch of philosophy.
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Technology is a newly recognized branch of philosophy.
Technology is a newly recognized branch of philosophy.
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The question 'What can be known?' falls under the branch of Axiology.
The question 'What can be known?' falls under the branch of Axiology.
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Sociology is categorized under the practical branches of philosophy.
Sociology is categorized under the practical branches of philosophy.
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Eastern philosophy does not prioritize virtues in its teachings.
Eastern philosophy does not prioritize virtues in its teachings.
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The term 'PHILOSOPHY' originates from the Latin words 'amor' (love) and 'sapientia' (wisdom).
The term 'PHILOSOPHY' originates from the Latin words 'amor' (love) and 'sapientia' (wisdom).
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Philosophy primarily focuses on emotional reasoning rather than rational analysis.
Philosophy primarily focuses on emotional reasoning rather than rational analysis.
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The main elements of theoretical philosophy need to be understood before tackling practical philosophy.
The main elements of theoretical philosophy need to be understood before tackling practical philosophy.
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Philosophy often excludes mathematical reasoning when addressing problems.
Philosophy often excludes mathematical reasoning when addressing problems.
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New branches of philosophy emerge without any historical context or development.
New branches of philosophy emerge without any historical context or development.
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Eastern and Western perspectives on philosophy are entirely incompatible.
Eastern and Western perspectives on philosophy are entirely incompatible.
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The distinction between theoretical and practical philosophy is a foundational concept in philosophical studies.
The distinction between theoretical and practical philosophy is a foundational concept in philosophical studies.
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Philosophy seeks to provide rational and conceptual justifications for various beliefs and actions.
Philosophy seeks to provide rational and conceptual justifications for various beliefs and actions.
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Metaphysics is the philosophical investigation of the nature of reality, being, or existence.
Metaphysics is the philosophical investigation of the nature of reality, being, or existence.
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Ontology pertains specifically to the study of the cosmos.
Ontology pertains specifically to the study of the cosmos.
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Cosmology is concerned with questions such as what the cosmos is made of and how it is structured.
Cosmology is concerned with questions such as what the cosmos is made of and how it is structured.
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The term 'phusika' refers to the philosophical study of human nature.
The term 'phusika' refers to the philosophical study of human nature.
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Metaphysics examines whether reality is fundamentally material or spiritual.
Metaphysics examines whether reality is fundamentally material or spiritual.
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The term 'anthropology' is synonymous with the study of God and the Gods.
The term 'anthropology' is synonymous with the study of God and the Gods.
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One of the questions posed by ontology is 'Why is there something rather than nothing?'
One of the questions posed by ontology is 'Why is there something rather than nothing?'
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Metaphysics incorporates the principles of psychology in its inquiry.
Metaphysics incorporates the principles of psychology in its inquiry.
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Practical philosophy involves philosophical discussion without specific applications in any field.
Practical philosophy involves philosophical discussion without specific applications in any field.
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Political philosophers only focus on questions related to family life.
Political philosophers only focus on questions related to family life.
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Plato's writings on political philosophy describe an ideal society with specific political principles.
Plato's writings on political philosophy describe an ideal society with specific political principles.
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Economic philosophy addresses the concept of economic justice and the principles of fairness in trading.
Economic philosophy addresses the concept of economic justice and the principles of fairness in trading.
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The principles of various government administrative systems do not have any philosophical roots.
The principles of various government administrative systems do not have any philosophical roots.
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Political philosophy provides advice on how to administer a country based on its ruling system.
Political philosophy provides advice on how to administer a country based on its ruling system.
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The main focus of economic philosophy is to establish guidelines for sharing material resources among individuals.
The main focus of economic philosophy is to establish guidelines for sharing material resources among individuals.
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Philosophical reflection in political philosophy is limited to just understanding governance.
Philosophical reflection in political philosophy is limited to just understanding governance.
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Achieving fairness in resource allocation can only be ensured through economic philosophy.
Achieving fairness in resource allocation can only be ensured through economic philosophy.
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Philosophy has no role in understanding the effects of technology on humans.
Philosophy has no role in understanding the effects of technology on humans.
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The environmental crisis can be understood through philosophical inquiries.
The environmental crisis can be understood through philosophical inquiries.
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The effects of technology on society are irrelevant to the study of philosophy.
The effects of technology on society are irrelevant to the study of philosophy.
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Fairness in resource allocation will likely lead to public acceptance of governmental policies.
Fairness in resource allocation will likely lead to public acceptance of governmental policies.
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Philosophy completely disregards the social conditions affecting intellectual activity.
Philosophy completely disregards the social conditions affecting intellectual activity.
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Technological advancements emerged before the 19th century during the agricultural revolution.
Technological advancements emerged before the 19th century during the agricultural revolution.
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Philosophical questions can include the consequences of artificial intelligence technology on nuclear weapons.
Philosophical questions can include the consequences of artificial intelligence technology on nuclear weapons.
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Study Notes
Week 3: Philosophy in Life
- This week's topic is Philosophy in Life, part of the MPU2193 course.
- The content covers what philosophy is, the different branches, and new studies.
- The learning outcomes for week 3 involve elaborating on theoretical and practical philosophy, along with analyzing emerging branches of philosophy.
Content
- What is Philosophy (Western & Eastern Perspectives): Western philosophy uses logical reasoning and categorization. Eastern philosophy generalizes ideas and shows how they relate to a general truth.
- Branches of Philosophy: Theoretical philosophy includes metaphysics, axiology, epistemology, and psychology. Practical philosophy includes political, economic, and sociological philosophy. New branches include technology and ecology philosophy.
- Theoretical Philosophy: This branch investigates root/fundamental questions requiring deep intellectual thought. Discussions are generally abstract with no direct application.
- Practical Philosophy: This involves philosophical discussion in specific fields with clear applications. It aims to solve practical problems and provides frameworks for important areas like politics, economics, and sociology.
- New Philosophy: Concepts like technology and ecology are discussed as emerging philosophical branches.
Western Perspective
- The word 'philosophy' comes from the Greek words 'philia' (love) and 'sophia' (wisdom).
- Western philosophy emphasizes the love of wisdom and focuses more on humans/humanism.
- It involves intellectual activities like problem-solving and is more academic in nature.
- Focuses on questions of reality, nature and human character.
Eastern Perspective
- Sanskrit, Chinese, and Japanese equivalents of philosophy include Darshana (meaning "vision"), Je Shwe ("wise study"), and Tetsugaku ("wise learning").
- Eastern philosophy is closely related to religious understanding and involves inductive methods and metaphysics to study reality.
- It's not primarily conceptual; it does not need to be purely rational to understand reality.
Western vs. Eastern Philosophy
- In Western philosophy, there's a distinct separation between spiritual and physical reality, and human life is valued above others. The journey of mankind is seen as linear, and the goal is to deal with immorality and reunite with God.
- In Eastern philosophy, a single reality connects all life, often viewed as sacred. The divine is found everywhere in creation. The journey is viewed cyclically, with the goal of achieving enlightenment by overcoming ignorance.
- Western philosophy is based on individualism while Eastern philosophy is based on collectivism.
Branches of Philosophy
- Theoretical Philosophy: Includes metaphysics; axiology; epistemology; psychology
- Practical Philosophy: Includes political philosophy; economic philosophy; sociology
- New Philosophy: Includes technology philosophy, ecology philosophy
Theoretical Philosophy: Metaphysics
- Metaphysics: Study of reality, being, existence, encompassing ontology (being in general), cosmology (cosmos/universe/nature), theology (God/gods), and anthropology (human nature).
- Ontology: Questions include: why is there something rather than nothing? What is ultimately real? What's the nature of reality; one or many? Is reality fundamentally material or spiritual?
- Cosmology: Questions include: What is the nature of the cosmos? What is it made of? Will it cease to exist? Is there anything beyond the cosmos?
- Theology: Questions include: Does God exist? What is the nature of God? Is pain, evil and suffering compatible with God?
- Anthropology: Questions include: What are the basic characteristics of human nature? How are the human mind & the human body related? Is there "freedom of the will"? Who am I? Where did I come from? Where am I going?
Theoretical Philosophy: Axiology
- Axiology: Studies the nature of value and foundations of value judgments. Key areas include aesthetics (philosophy of art), ethics (moral philosophy), and social/political philosophy.
- Sub-branches ask questions:
- Aesthetics: Can art be distinguished from non-art? What's the difference between authentic and unauthentic art? What are standards for aesthetic judgments? What is the purpose of art?
- Ethics: What are the basic standards of morality? What's the difference between right and wrong? Is the death penalty justifiable?
- Social/Political Philosophy: What are the origins, nature, and purposes of government? What's the relationship between individual, society, and the state? What is justice? What is the purpose of law?
Theoretical Philosophy: Epistemology
- Epistemology: Studies the nature of knowledge, sources of knowledge, limits and extent of knowledge, differences between knowledge & opinion, and differences between truth and falsity.
- Key questions include: What is knowledge? What are its sources (e.g., senses, reason, experience). How extensive is knowledge (are there limits?). What is the difference between knowledge and opinion? How do we know the difference between truth and falsity?
Practical Philosophy, including specific areas:
- Political philosophy: Defines, analyzes political systems and principles (e.g., democracy, communism, Marxism), exploring their foundations and justifications; answers questions about good governance.
- Economic philosophy: Explores theories, principles underlying economics, justice, the fairness of material resource allocation.
- Sociology philosophy: Looks at the intellectual activity in social contexts, and the impact of philosophical ideas on society.
New Philosophy Branch:
- Technology: Explores impacts, examines relationship between technology and humanity questioning technology as extension of human itself, and considering consequences of AI
- Ecology: Examines philosophical views about the nature and severity of environmental crisis; emphasizes eco-friendly practices and the importance of nature.
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Test your knowledge on the various branches of philosophy, including theoretical and ethical philosophy. Explore concepts like metaphysics, axiology, and epistemology. Determine how Eastern and Western philosophies differ in their approaches to ethical considerations and practical applications.
