Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming in C++

Study Notes

Procedural vs. Object-Oriented Programming

Procedural Programming emphasizes actions and functions, operating on data. Focuses on what needs to be done.
Object-Oriented Programming focuses on data and objects. It aims to represent real-world concepts as objects with attributes and methods. Focuses on how things are structured.

Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming

C++ is an incremental version of C, including all its features with added Object-Oriented capabilities.
C++ supports both procedural and object-oriented programming.
C++ programs have a .cpp file extension.
C++ prioritizes data over procedures.
C++ offers features like polymorphism, encapsulation, and inheritance.
C++ supports limited data access through visibility modes and promotes data security via data hiding.
C++ supports dynamic binding, allowing for flexible interactions between objects.

Concepts of OOP in C++

Classes and Objects: Fundamental concepts of OOP. Classes act as blueprints for creating objects.

Example of Class:

class MyClass {  // Class declaration
  public:  // Access specifier
    int myNum; // Attribute (int variable)
    string myString; // Attribute (string variable)
};

Creating Objects: Objects are instances of classes.

MyClass myObj; // Creating an object 'myObj' of class 'MyClass'

Accessing Attributes: Use dot syntax (.) to access attributes of an object.
```
myObj.myNum = 15; 
myObj.myString = "Some text"; 
```

Data Types in C++

Fundamental Data Types:
- char
- short int
- int
- unsigned int
- long
- unsigned long
- float
- double
- long double
- bool
- void
Data Type Hierarchy:
- char -> short int -> int -> unsigned int -> long -> unsigned long -> float -> double -> long double
Data Type Hierarchy:
- Character (char): Single character
- Integer (int): Whole numbers
- Float (float): Decimal numbers with lower precision
- Double (double): Decimal numbers with higher precision
- Boolean (bool): Represents logical values (true, false)
- Void (void): Represents the absence of a type, used in functions that don't return anything or take any arguments.