Introduction to Motivation

Introduction to Motivation

• The presentation focuses on motivation.
• Lack of motivation is a common challenge in studies.
• Students are responsible for independent study completion.
• Understanding motivation and maintaining it is crucial, even during difficult times.
• Motivation affects interest, ability, and success.

What is Motivation?

• Motivation directs, manages, or maintains goal-oriented behavior.
• It accounts for intensity, direction, and perseverance of effort.
• Motivation is an internal state guiding behavior toward a goal.
• Motivation is shaped by cultural norms, values, and practices.
• Motivation functions like a push-pull toy - choices rely on motivating factors.

The Push and Pull of Motivation

• The push to motivate comes from needs.
• Internal bodily states are linked to needs.
• Reduction of tension is a motivator.
• The pull to motivate comes from incentives.
• External factors motivate fulfilling our needs and reducing drives.

Two Primary Types of Motivation

• Extrinsic motivation: external forces, like praise, rewards, or money, guide behavior.
• Intrinsic motivation: internal forces, such as enjoyment, curiosity, and personal satisfaction, guide behavior.

Motivation Elements

• Needs: internal states prompting action to satisfy vital needs.
• Drives: tensions/unease resulting from unmet needs that compel action for tension reduction.
• Incentives: factors encouraging action toward specific goals, such as achievements, promotion, or recognition.

Humanistic Models of Motivation - Self-Actualization

• Maslow's model emphasizes individual potential and personal growth (1943, 1954, 1971)
• Focuses on positive regard and fulfilling potential.
• Emphasizes fulfilling basic needs before addressing psychological needs.
• Biased sample of 18 accomplished Western men.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

• A hierarchical model showing stages of needs, progressing from basic needs to self-actualization.
• Basic Needs: hunger, thirst
• Safety Needs: security, stability
• Belonging Needs: love, acceptance, affection
• Esteem Needs: achievement, recognition, status
• Self-Actualization Needs: fulfilling one's potential
• Transcendence: striving for something beyond self.

Humanistic Models of Motivation - Self-Actualization (cont.)

• Self-actualization signifies the desire to reach one's full potential.
• Self-transcendence encompasses experiences going beyond personal growth.

Learning Theories of Motivation - Radical Behaviorism

• Radical Behaviorism holds that humans learn skills through experience.
• Consequences shape behavior; positive reinforcement encourages future occurrences.

Achievement Models of Motivation

• Mastery goals (learning-oriented) focus on personal improvement.
• Performance goals (ego-oriented) focus on surpassing others.
• Social goals emphasize relationships, interactions, and avoid pain or pleasure.
• Cultural norms influence goal choices.

Expectancy-Value Models of Motivation

• Eccles, Wigfield, and Schiefele (1998) explain children's achievement.
• The expectancy-value model connects achievement choices to beliefs about ability and task value.
• Two key beliefs: subjective task value and ability self-concept.

Cognitive Models of Motivation - Attribution Theory

• Weiner's (1985, 1986) theory explains how beliefs, attitudes, and emotions influence achievement behaviors.
• Understanding success/failure reasons for future achievements.
• Cultural norms, expectations, and values influence explanations for success/failure.
• Western vs. Asian cultural differences affect explanation of success/failure.

Social Cognitive Models of Motivation

• Bandura's social cognitive learning theory posits that we learn from observing others in our social environments.
• Learning is an internal, goal-oriented process.
• Personal achievement is motivated to meet personal goals.

Applying Models of Motivation to Real-Life Settings and Contexts

• Incentives and Culture: understanding the effectiveness of extrinsic vs. intrinsic incentives, as incentives vary across cultures.

School Motivation

• Children's motivation is linked to cultural values and practices.
• Motivation varies depending on numerous factors.
• Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation are different paths to achieving similar classroom results.

Factors Impacting Classroom Motivation

• Cultural factors like conversational interactions, language abilities, and academic success are crucial.

Motivation and Stereotypical Threat

• Majority and minority stereotypes affect motivation and learning experiences.
• Stereotypes about group characteristics influence individuals.
• Stereotypical threat affects vulnerable individuals more.

Learning and Motivation

• Intrinsic motivation is enduring; extrinsic motivation needs continuous reinforcement.
• Learning is more effective when satisfaction is experienced.
• Success encourages motivation, with achievable goals.

Role of Goal-Setting

• Goal-setting demonstrates intention and activates learning.
• Goals direct actions toward achievement.
• Goals provide opportunities for experiencing success.

Attitude and Motivation

• Attitude involves mental focus on the world, influencing behavior towards situations and people.
• Motivation measures willingness to take responsibility for learning.
• A positive attitude can transform experiences into learning opportunities, promoting success.

Achievement and Culture

• Strategies for goal achievement vary across cultures.
• Cultural values influence motivation and achievement strategies.
• Cultural factors impact achievement differences.

Cross-Cultural Studies on Achievement

• National culture considerably impacts student achievement, student learning, and results.
• Long-term orientation is a substantial predictor for student achievement in specific countries.

Culture across Disciplines – Culture, Education, and Motivation

• Ginsberg's motivational framework highlights the importance of the relationship between motivation, learning, and academic achievement.
• Cultural awareness can significantly influence motivation.
• Supporting all students through encouragement and social justice can lead to social justice and equity in education.

Ginsberg's Motivational Framework for Culturally Relevant Teaching

• Culture-specific and interdisciplinary approaches.
• Principles for effective classroom practice: belonging, positive learning attitude, cultural relevance, learning value perception.

Increasing Your Motivation

• Actively working on motivation and taking responsibility for success is crucial.
• Motivation stems from within and is optimal when intrinsically driven.
• Intrinsic motivation leads to more effective and enduring learning experiences.

Summary

• Motivation combined with positive attitude drives achievement.
• Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are different types with diverse origins.
• Motivation influences learning capabilities, impacting our ability to learn and develop successfully.