Introduction to Matter in Chemistry

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@SelfDeterminationHoneysuckle

Study Notes

There are four states of matter: gas, liquid, solid, and plasma.
Each state of matter is determined by the arrangement and movement of particles and the strength of intermolecular and atomic forces.
Energy can change matter into different states, such as heating a solid to turn it into a liquid or gas.
Plasma is a state of matter that exists at very high temperatures or when subjected to a strong electric field.

Macroscopic properties of matter can be visualized by the naked eye and measured easily.
Examples of macroscopic properties include density, fluidity, and compressibility.
Different states of matter have distinct properties, such as:
- Gas: low density, very compressible, and can flow
- Liquid: high density, moderately compressible, and can flow
- Solid: high density, not compressible, and cannot flow

Matter can be classified as pure substances or mixtures.
Pure substances can be further classified as elements or compounds.
Elements are the simplest form of matter, made up of atoms with the same atomic number.
Compounds are formed when two or more different elements chemically combine.
Mixtures are physical combinations of substances, and can be classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous.
Examples of mixtures include tea, which is a mixture of milk, water, tea leaves, and sugar.

Allotropes are different physical forms of the same element.
Examples of allotropes of carbon include diamond, graphite, and buckyballs.
Each allotrope has unique properties, such as:
- Graphite: soft, slippery, and a good conductor of electricity
- Diamond: hard, pure, and has a high melting point
- Buckyballs: have a football-like structure and unique properties

Matter can be classified based on physical properties, such as:
- Solids
- Liquids
- Gases
Solutions can be classified as saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated.
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances, with the substance that is dissolved called the solute and the substance that does the dissolving called the solvent.