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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is considered a secondary reinforcer?
Which of the following is considered a secondary reinforcer?
Resistance to extinction increases with an increasing number of reinforced trials.
Resistance to extinction increases with an increasing number of reinforced trials.
True
What happens to resistance to extinction when reinforcement is delayed during acquisition trials?
What happens to resistance to extinction when reinforcement is delayed during acquisition trials?
Resistance to extinction increases.
________ occurs when a learned response is extinguished and then reappears after a rest period.
________ occurs when a learned response is extinguished and then reappears after a rest period.
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Match the terms with their correct definitions:
Match the terms with their correct definitions:
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What is a factor that can reduce resistance to extinction?
What is a factor that can reduce resistance to extinction?
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Discriminative response depends on the organism's ability to differentiate stimuli.
Discriminative response depends on the organism's ability to differentiate stimuli.
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What is the outcome when additional trials after a certain point do not increase reinforcement effectiveness?
What is the outcome when additional trials after a certain point do not increase reinforcement effectiveness?
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How many trials does appetitive classical conditioning generally require compared to aversive classical conditioning?
How many trials does appetitive classical conditioning generally require compared to aversive classical conditioning?
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Aversive classical conditioning may be established in as little as one trial.
Aversive classical conditioning may be established in as little as one trial.
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What influence does the nature of the response have on operant conditioning?
What influence does the nature of the response have on operant conditioning?
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Positive reinforcement involves stimuli that have __________ consequences.
Positive reinforcement involves stimuli that have __________ consequences.
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Match the following types of conditioning with their characteristics:
Match the following types of conditioning with their characteristics:
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What influences the course of operant conditioning aside from the types of reinforcement?
What influences the course of operant conditioning aside from the types of reinforcement?
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The rat takes less time to press the lever for food as the number of trials increases.
The rat takes less time to press the lever for food as the number of trials increases.
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What is the consequence of lever pressing for the rat in this scenario?
What is the consequence of lever pressing for the rat in this scenario?
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What is the phenomenon called when an organism responds similarly to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus?
What is the phenomenon called when an organism responds similarly to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus?
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Extinction refers to the process where a conditioned response is strengthened.
Extinction refers to the process where a conditioned response is strengthened.
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What happens to a learned response after a period of time has lapsed following extinction?
What happens to a learned response after a period of time has lapsed following extinction?
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The child learned to find the sweets in a certain jar through ______.
The child learned to find the sweets in a certain jar through ______.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following factors influences the amount of spontaneous recovery?
Which of the following factors influences the amount of spontaneous recovery?
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In the example of the child finding sweets, generalisation occurs when he finds sweets in jars of different shapes and sizes.
In the example of the child finding sweets, generalisation occurs when he finds sweets in jars of different shapes and sizes.
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After extinction, what is it called when a conditioned response appears again?
After extinction, what is it called when a conditioned response appears again?
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What type of learning does Kohler's experiment primarily demonstrate?
What type of learning does Kohler's experiment primarily demonstrate?
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The rats in the second group demonstrated signs of learning immediately after being placed in the maze.
The rats in the second group demonstrated signs of learning immediately after being placed in the maze.
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What did Tolman suggest about the unrewarded rats' learning in the maze?
What did Tolman suggest about the unrewarded rats' learning in the maze?
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Kohler referred to the sudden realization of a problem's solution as __________ learning.
Kohler referred to the sudden realization of a problem's solution as __________ learning.
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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What was the significance of the tools used by the chimpanzees in Kohler's experiment?
What was the significance of the tools used by the chimpanzees in Kohler's experiment?
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Verbal learning is primarily associated with non-human animals.
Verbal learning is primarily associated with non-human animals.
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How did the chimpanzees demonstrate insight learning in the experiment?
How did the chimpanzees demonstrate insight learning in the experiment?
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What is the main goal of Paired-Associates Learning?
What is the main goal of Paired-Associates Learning?
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In Serial Learning, the participant must recall the items in any order they choose.
In Serial Learning, the participant must recall the items in any order they choose.
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What is the criteria for assessing Paired-Associates Learning?
What is the criteria for assessing Paired-Associates Learning?
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In Paired-Associates Learning, the first word of the pair is called the ______ and the second word is called the response term.
In Paired-Associates Learning, the first word of the pair is called the ______ and the second word is called the response term.
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What kind of words are typically used as stimulus terms in Paired-Associates Learning?
What kind of words are typically used as stimulus terms in Paired-Associates Learning?
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Participants in the Serial Learning method begin by studying pairs of words.
Participants in the Serial Learning method begin by studying pairs of words.
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In Serial Learning, participants are presented with a list of verbal items, and they must produce the items in the same ______ as in the list.
In Serial Learning, participants are presented with a list of verbal items, and they must produce the items in the same ______ as in the list.
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a skill mentioned in the content?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a skill mentioned in the content?
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In the associative phase of skill acquisition, attentional demands increase as practice occurs.
In the associative phase of skill acquisition, attentional demands increase as practice occurs.
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What begins when the learner achieves automaticity during skill learning?
What begins when the learner achieves automaticity during skill learning?
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As practice increases, performance improves and the time taken is also _____ reduced.
As practice increases, performance improves and the time taken is also _____ reduced.
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Match the following phases of skill acquisition with their characteristics:
Match the following phases of skill acquisition with their characteristics:
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What is the main reason errors decrease during skill acquisition?
What is the main reason errors decrease during skill acquisition?
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Interference from external factors increases as one transitions to the autonomous phase.
Interference from external factors increases as one transitions to the autonomous phase.
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What is the hallmark of skill learning as one progresses through phases?
What is the hallmark of skill learning as one progresses through phases?
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Study Notes
Learning
- Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavioral potential produced by experience or practice
- It's an inferred process different from performance (observed behavior/response/action)
- Key learning types include classical and operant conditioning, observational learning, cognitive learning, verbal learning, and skill learning
Nature of Learning
- Learning always involves some kind of experience
- Learning involves a sequence of psychological events
- Behavioral changes due to factors like fatigue or drugs are not considered learning; they're temporary
- Learning changes are relatively permanent
Paradigms of Learning
- Classical conditioning involves associating stimuli (Pavlov's experiment)
- Unconditioned stimulus (US) triggers an unconditioned response (UR)
- A neutral stimulus (CS) paired with the US eventually triggers a conditioned response (CR)
- Operant/Instrumental conditioning involves voluntary responses and their consequences (Skinner's box):
- Organism's behavior operates on environment
- Reinforced behavior is more likely to occur
- Observational learning involves learning by observing others
- Learning is affected by whether the model is rewarded or punished
- Cognitive learning involves mental processes underlying learning
- Insight learning involves a sudden understanding of a problem's solution
- Latent learning involves learning that isn't demonstrated until a reward is given
- Verbal learning involves acquiring knowledge through words
Key Learning Processes
- Reinforcement (positive/negative) strengthens a response
- Extinction refers to the disappearance of a learned response due to the removal of the reinforcement
- Generalization refers to responding similarly to similar stimuli
- Discrimination involves responding differently to different stimuli
- Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of time
Factors Facilitating Learning
- Motivation is a mental/physiological state energizing an organism to achieve a goal
- Preparedness means species have biological constraints on their learning capacities
Learning Disabilities
- Learning disabilities are a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting acquisition of learning/reading/writing/speaking/reasoning/mathematical skills
- Symptoms include difficulties in writing, reading, speaking, poor space/time orientation, motor coordination difficulties, perceptual disorders
- Learning disabilities may occur with or without other physical conditions
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of learning, including its definition, the nature of behavioral changes, and various paradigms such as classical and operant conditioning. This quiz will assess your understanding of how learning occurs through experience and practice.
