Introduction to Geography D199 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

Which joint action is an example of successful international environmental coordination? (Select all that apply)

Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer (correct)

United States-China bilateral emissions agreement

The Kyoto Protocol for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Global effort on climate-warming emissions

Which factor is driving increased emissions?

Economic development (correct)

Sustainable agriculture

Carbon taxes

Efficiency standards

Which factor led to the United States seeking alternative sources of energy?

The ineffectiveness of fossil fuels

A need to power development

The degradation of urban air quality (correct)

An increase in consumer demand

Which factor led to a massive increase in American automobile usage?

Construction of the Interstate Highway System Signup and view all the answers

Why has China's carbon footprint grown so immensely over the past two decades?

The Chinese have burned more fossil fuels to power their growing industry. Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of lowering the amount of short-lived climate pollutants?

Health of the global population would improve. Signup and view all the answers

Why does China argue against global climate action?

China needs mass industrial production to continue development. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a carbon tax and a cap-and-trade solution?

The carbon tax is predictable, while cap-and-trade depends on market conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding market-based solutions?

They allow consumers and businesses to better understand their own carbon footprints. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor will most likely occur by the 2040s, according to projections?

The Arctic will be ice free during the summer. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the social cost of carbon?

It is the total value of global damage caused by one additional ton of carbon at a given point in time. Signup and view all the answers

Which two statements are true regarding black carbon? (Choose 2 answers)

It can cause premature deaths from lung cancer and heart disease. Signup and view all the answers

How can fuel cells mitigate global climate change?

They can generate energy consistently and cleanly. Signup and view all the answers

Which situation is a strong example of an advantageous relative location?

A city improves its river trade Signup and view all the answers

How might changes in the supply of energy, temperature, or light affect an ecosystem?

The ecosystem's structure might be significantly altered Signup and view all the answers

What is the key principle regarding energy losses within the cycle of the ecosystem?

They are an inevitable part of the process Signup and view all the answers

Why is the service economy so important to low-income countries?

It employs more than half of the population Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does Weber believe determines where a business is located?

Labor costs Signup and view all the answers

Why have extreme natural boundaries often determined the borders of modern nations?

They tend to create neighboring lands with different cultures Signup and view all the answers

Why do maps sometimes cause problems when borders are disputed?

They cannot present the territory as all sides view it Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can make maritime boundaries difficult to determine?

The distances from two countries that determine maritime boundaries may overlap Signup and view all the answers

How can humans positively alter local ecosystems?

Through resource recovery Signup and view all the answers

What is a common criticism of gross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of human development?

That GDP overlooks essential activities that do not involve money Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of a country taking on too much national debt?

An inflated currency Signup and view all the answers

How did ancient Chinese philosophers, such as Dong Zhongshu of the Han Dynasty, view the ideal relationship between humans and nature?

As one of harmony Signup and view all the answers

Which concept forms the basis of sustainable development?

Humans have the ability to harmonize population, society, and the environment Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between a nation and a state?

A nation is a socio-cultural entity Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of global governance?

To facilitate cooperation and alleviate collective action problems Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of a common cultural push factor in global migration?

Political instability Signup and view all the answers

How do human geographers define people who have been forced from their homes because of their religion, race, nationality, or political opinion?

As refugees Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of recent patterns of migration in Tanzania and many other African nations?

Individuals who migrate move out of poverty at a greater rate than nonmigrants Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that makes India the greatest exporter of migrants to the Gulf States, the United States, and the United Kingdom?

Social crises such as India's attack on minorities Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the environmental risk of rising sea levels to both Bangladesh and the Netherlands?

Bangladesh has a greater environmental risk than the Netherlands because Bangladesh has less economic support Signup and view all the answers

Which type of migration was the trafficking of slaves from Africa?

Involuntary Signup and view all the answers

Which group of migrants have been affected by the war in Syria?

Palestinian migrants Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is an example of secondary migration?

Syrian migrants moving to Sweden from Turkey Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed to population displacement in Colombia?

Weakened political institutions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the pull factor of amenity migration?

Increased recreational accessibility Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the current global approach to climate change?

Reducing further impact on humans Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to prove that climate change has caused human migration?

Too many factors contribute to human migration, making single factors hard to identify Signup and view all the answers

Why is it problematic to use climate change as a basis for refugee status?

The primary causes of transboundary migration must be technically proven Signup and view all the answers

The flow of immigrants to the United States from Central America's Dry Corridor has increased since 2010. Many of these people were forcibly sent back due to U.S. immigration policies. Why would someone from a different area of the world view this as persecution?

Similar acts of attempted immigration may not be against the law in other countries Signup and view all the answers

Why are the effects of climate change viewed differently by some populations in different countries?

Different groups of people in the same region are affected differently Signup and view all the answers

Why is cross-border migration less likely to occur from fully developed countries than from developing countries?

Governments in developed countries have the resources to care for affected citizens Signup and view all the answers

Which three statements describe conditions faced by citizens of less developed countries experiencing climate change issues? Choose 2 answers.

Local governments cannot offer enough assistance to provide for all families Signup and view all the answers

Why do some countries, such as Italy, encourage immigration into the country?

They are experiencing limited climate change issues and have an aging population Signup and view all the answers

Which three things should be provided to displaced persons to help them restore their livelihoods?

Credit opportunities Signup and view all the answers

Which advantage do second-generation immigrants have over first-generation family members?

Increased opportunities through language and resources to form transnational social ties Signup and view all the answers

Why is the blanket effect a useful metaphor to explain climate changes on the earth?

The blanket effect reminds people of how heat can be trapped under a barrier Signup and view all the answers

Why can the climate crisis be addressed only through global cooperation?

The climate crisis begins with the atmosphere, which affects all countries Signup and view all the answers

How does the heavy atmospheric blanket contribute to climate change?

It traps carbon dioxide and other pollutants Signup and view all the answers

What does the failure of policy frameworks teach about how to combat climate change?

Efforts cannot be based on the same for-profit principles that caused climate change Signup and view all the answers

How can the impact of deforestation and its high toll on carbon dioxide levels be reversed?

Strenuous efforts in the reforestation of degraded ecosystems can be invested in Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of carbon sequestration?

It prevents additional carbon from accumulating in the atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

What is required to slow the climate crisis, in addition to lowering carbon emissions?

Removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Geography Fundamentals

An advantageous relative location is exemplified by improved river trade for cities.
Energy, temperature, or light changes can significantly alter an ecosystem's structure.
Energy losses in ecosystems are inevitable and part of natural processes.

The service economy is crucial for low-income countries, employing over half the population.
Labor costs are key determinants in business location according to Weber.
Extreme natural boundaries create diverse cultural landscapes in bordering nations.

Mapping and Migration Challenges

Disputed borders cause problems as maps cannot present territories from all perspectives.
Overlapping distances complicate the determination of maritime boundaries.
Resource recovery is a positive way humans can alter local ecosystems.

Human Development Metrics

GDP is criticized for overlooking non-monetary essential activities in human development assessments.
National debt can lead to inflation and decreased currency circulation.

Cultural and Political Contexts

Ancient Chinese philosophers viewed the relationship between humans and nature as one of harmony.
Sustainable development is based on harmonizing population, society, and the environment.
A nation is primarily a socio-cultural entity, whereas a state refers to a political entity.

Global Governance and Migration

The aim of global governance is to facilitate cooperation, addressing collective problems.
Political instability is a common cultural push factor in global migration.
Refugees are defined as individuals forced from their homes due to religion, race, nationality, or political opinion.

Migration Patterns and Effects

Recent migration trends show that individuals often move out of poverty at greater rates than non-migrants.
Social crises, such as attacks on minorities, largely drive Indian migration to Western countries.
Bangladesh faces a greater environmental risk from rising sea levels compared to the Netherlands due to less economic support.

Climate Change and Populations

Involuntary migration includes historical events like the trafficking of slaves from Africa.
Palestinian migrants are significantly impacted by the war in Syria; secondary migration is exemplified by Syrians moving from Turkey to Sweden.

Climate Crisis Responses

The climate crisis demands global cooperation due to its atmospheric and widespread nature.
The heavy atmospheric blanket traps pollutants, exacerbating climate change.
Effective climate strategies should remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and establish carbon sinks.

International Environmental Coordination

The Montreal Protocol is recognized as a successful international agreement aimed at protecting the ozone layer.
Increased emissions are driven by economic development and unsustainable practices.

Energy and Urban Development

Urban air quality degradation has led the U.S. to seek alternative energy sources.
The construction of the Interstate Highway System substantially increased American automobile usage.
China's carbon footprint has surged due to increased fossil fuel consumption for industrial growth.

Health and Global Cooperation

Reducing short-lived climate pollutants can improve global population health, showcasing the interplay between environmental actions and public health outcomes.### China's Stance on Climate Action
China opposes global climate action primarily because it needs mass industrial production to sustain its development.

Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade

The carbon tax offers predictability in pricing, contrasting with cap-and-trade systems, which are influenced by market conditions.

Market-Based Solutions

Market-based strategies enhance understanding of individual carbon footprints for consumers and businesses.

Future Climate Projections (2040s)

Projections indicate that the Arctic will likely be ice-free during summer by the 2040s.

The social cost of carbon quantifies the total global damage linked to one additional ton of carbon emissions at a specific moment.

Black Carbon Impact

Black carbon contributes to premature deaths from lung cancer and heart disease and is mainly produced through residential and commercial combustion activities.

Role of Fuel Cells in Climate Change Mitigation

Fuel cells can significantly mitigate global climate change by generating energy both consistently and cleanly.

Studying That Suits You

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Description

Test your knowledge with this pre-assessment quiz on physical and human geography. Utilize flashcards to explore concepts such as advantageous relative location and the impact of environmental changes on ecosystems. Perfect for students preparing for their geography tests.