Podcast
Questions and Answers
What condition is characterized by the inability to accumulate body fat and prevent weight gain?
What condition is characterized by the inability to accumulate body fat and prevent weight gain?
Which type of gland secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream without ducts?
Which type of gland secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream without ducts?
What is the classical definition of a hormone?
What is the classical definition of a hormone?
What is the role of asprosin in the body?
What is the role of asprosin in the body?
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Which hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary?
Which hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary?
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What is produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary that could be deficient in diabetes insipidus?
What is produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary that could be deficient in diabetes insipidus?
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Which deficiency in the hypothalamus might lead to low levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in a female patient?
Which deficiency in the hypothalamus might lead to low levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in a female patient?
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What embryological tissue gives rise to the anterior pituitary?
What embryological tissue gives rise to the anterior pituitary?
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What structure provides a neural connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary?
What structure provides a neural connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary?
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Which hormone is transported and released by neurophysin 1?
Which hormone is transported and released by neurophysin 1?
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What connects the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary via a vascular route?
What connects the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary via a vascular route?
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What regulates the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland?
What regulates the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland?
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What was the significant discovery by Starling and Bayliss in 1902?
What was the significant discovery by Starling and Bayliss in 1902?
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What condition is associated with excessive thirst and historical evidence of diagnosis?
What condition is associated with excessive thirst and historical evidence of diagnosis?
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What was the first human protein manufactured using biotechnology?
What was the first human protein manufactured using biotechnology?
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Which characteristic describes Asprosin released during fasting?
Which characteristic describes Asprosin released during fasting?
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What effect did Brown-Séquard claim to experience from injecting endocrine substances?
What effect did Brown-Séquard claim to experience from injecting endocrine substances?
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What does the term hormone derive from in Greek?
What does the term hormone derive from in Greek?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Endocrinology
- The course covers the structure and function of endocrine glands
- It also covers diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders
Endocrine Disorders
- Hypercalcemia of Malignancy
- Prolactinoma
- Osteoporosis
- SIADH
- Pheochromocytoma
- Restricted Growth
- Obesity
- MODY
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- Gestational Diabetes
- Cushing's Syndrome
- Gigantism
- Hashimoto's Disease
- PCOS
- Turner's syndrome
- Brittle Bones
- Addison's disease
- Diabetes insipidus
- Adrenal Fatigue
- Thyroiditis
- Graves' Disease
- Sheehan's syndrome
- Delayed Puberty
- Conn's syndrome
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Type 1 Diabetes
- Infertility
Historical Evidence (Egyptians)
- Egyptians understood the role of gonads in fertility and contraception
- Removal of ovaries or testes was linked to preventing pregnancy
- Eunuchs served in Pharaoh's harem
- Detected diabetes (through excessive thirst)
Ancient Egyptian Ruler (Akhenaten)
- Carvings of patients with acromegaly, goitre, and achondroplasia
Discovery of the First Hormone (Secretin)
- Starling and Bayliss (1902) discovered secretin
- Interaction between duodenum and pancreas
- Defined hormone as transported by blood to exerted effect
Early Treatments
- Brown-Séquard (1889) injected himself with blood from testicular veins, semen and extracts of animals
- Reported increased strength, stamina, and concentration
- Considered the first endocrine replacement therapy
Hormone of the 20th Century (Insulin)
- Insulin was one of the first proteins to be crystallized
- 1955- First fully sequenced protein
- 1958- First chemically synthesized protein
- 1979- First human protein manufactured by biotechnology
Effect of Insulin
- A young girl with diabetes (weighing 45lbs) was treated with insulin extracted from slaughtered cattle
Asprosin (2013)
- Synthesized and released by white adipose tissue during fasting
- Plays a role in appetite, glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and lipodystrophy
- Its loss can cause lipid-dystrophy
Layout of Endocrinology Teaching
- MD103: Introduction to Endocrinology, cell communication, hypothalamus-pituitary, growth control, calcium metabolism
- MD124: Metabolism control - pancreas, thyroid, glucocorticoids
- MD123: Fluid balance
- MD121: Blood pressure
- MD210: Reproduction
Types of Glands
- Different types of glands are discussed
- Exocrine and Endocrine glands
What is a Gland?
- Specialized secretory cells
- Secreted material is usually liquid
- Can be unicellular or multicellular (simple or complex)
- Classified as exocrine or endocrine
Exocrine Glands
- Secrete products onto epithelial surfaces, directly or through ducts
- Examples: Gastric glands, pancreas, salivary glands
Endocrine Glands
- Ductless glands
- Secrete hormones into the bloodstream
- Examples: Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands
One Organ More Than One Type of Gland (Pancreas)
- Pancreas has both exocrine (acinar cells) and endocrine (pancreatic islets) functions
- Also releases pancreatic hormones (insulin and glucagon)
Glands of the Body
- Various glands depicted, including pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal, kidney, heart, digestive tract, gonads, etc.
What is a Hormone?
- Chemical substance produced by cells, carried in the bloodstream, acts on target cells at low concentrations
- Modern definition includes factors produced locally, and exert their effects
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
- Master gland
- Controls other endocrine glands
- Hypothalamic-pituitary axis, acts as relay station
Pituitary Embryological Derivation
- Anterior pituitary develops from the roof of the mouth (Rathke's pouch)
- Posterior pituitary develops from the base of the brain
Neural Connection
- Cell bodies lie in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
- Produce hormones (oxytocin, ADH) which are carried via axons
- Released at posterior pituitary
Hypothalamic-Anterior Pituitary Connection
- Hormones from the hypothalamus are released to portal system
- Stimulate/inhibit hormones released by the anterior pituitary
Hypothalamic-Anterior Pituitary: Vascular Connection
- Blood circulation details outlined in connection between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
- Blood entry, via superior hypophysial artery, to primary capillary plexus in median eminence
- Blood exiting primary plexus via hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
- Second capillary plexus in pars distalis
Hormones and Their Targets
- Chart illustrates releasing hormones targeting distinct organs
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, growth hormone releasing hormone, etc. all target specific glands
Clinical Examples
- Cases of Cushing's disease, diabetes insipidus, and infertility are detailed, covering the deficient hormones.
- The hormones are identified and the regions from which they originate are detailed.
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Description
This quiz explores the structure and function of endocrine glands, as well as various endocrine disorders such as diabetes and hypercalcemia. It also touches on historical evidence from ancient Egypt related to endocrinology and fertility practices. Test your knowledge on both modern and historical perspectives in endocrinology.
