Introduction to Data Structures

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Questions and Answers

What are the main components involved in a computer program's operation?

  • Initialization, Processing, Output
  • Input, Processing, Output (correct)
  • Data, Execution, Storage
  • Input, Memory, Display

Which of the following statements correctly defines a computer program?

  • A network of computers communicating with each other
  • The physical storage area for all computer data
  • A collection of hardware components working synchronously
  • A set of instructions that processes input to produce output (correct)

What role does 'processing' play in a computer program?

  • It sends data to other computers in a network
  • It translates instructions into executable code
  • It stores the data for future use
  • It manipulates input data to produce output (correct)

Which data structure operates in a last-in, first-out (LIFO) manner?

<p>Stack (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'input' in the context of a computer program?

<p>Information that is fed into the program to be processed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using a linked list over an array?

<p>Linked lists allow for efficient insertions and deletions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected outcome of a correctly functioning computer program?

<p>To produce accurate output based on given input (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which data structure is best suited for implementing a breadth-first search (BFS) algorithm?

<p>Queue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of trees, which operation typically requires O(log n) time in a balanced binary search tree?

<p>Search (A), Delete (C), Insert (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following data structures can store elements in a first-in, first-out (FIFO) manner?

<p>Queue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a data structure?

<p>To store and organize information for effective retrieval (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes data structures?

<p>They enhance the productivity of information usage by organizing data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context is the effectiveness of a data structure measured?

<p>By how efficiently it allows for data retrieval and usability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of data structures?

<p>Randomly accessing data without any order (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant benefit of using data structures in computing?

<p>Enhanced capability for effective information retrieval (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the notation int x[5] represent in a one-dimensional array declaration?

<p>An array capable of holding 5 integers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of one-dimensional arrays, what does 'size of the array' refer to?

<p>The number of individual elements in the array. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a valid declaration of a one-dimensional array?

<p>all of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Choose the correct statement about one-dimensional arrays.

<p>They cannot be resized after declaration. (B), They are defined using a single name and an index. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the first step in working with a one-dimensional array?

<p>Declaring the array with the appropriate data type. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a non-primitive data structure?

<p>Queue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data structure is a graph classified as?

<p>Non-Primitive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following combinations consists solely of non-primitive data structures?

<p>Tree, Queue, Graph (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly identifies an aspect of non-primitive data structures?

<p>They provide a way to store multiple values under a single name. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a non-primitive data structure?

<p>String (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the number of elements exceeds the size of an array?

<p>An error is displayed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to unused elements in an array when it is initialized?

<p>They are initialized to zero. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the array declaration int x = {10, 20, 30};, how many elements does the array contain?

<p>3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example int x = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70};, how many elements are explicitly defined?

<p>7 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of trying to use an element outside the declared size of an array?

<p>An error indicating index out of bounds will occur. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Computer Program

A set of instructions that tells a computer what to do.

Input

Data that is entered into a computer.

Output

The results produced by a computer program.

Processing

The process of running a computer program to solve a problem or complete a task.

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Readability

The ability of a computer program to be understood by humans.

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Data Structure

A method for organizing and storing information in a computer, making it easier to access and utilize.

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Productive Data Retrieval

The ability to effectively access and retrieve information from a data structure.

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Queue

A data structure that allows items to be added or removed at either the beginning or end.

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Array

A data structure where elements are accessed based on their position in the structure.

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Tree

A data structure where data is organized in a hierarchical tree-like structure.

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Stack

A linear data structure where elements are added and removed from one end, known as the top. It follows the Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) principle, meaning the last element added is the first one to be removed.

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Linked list

A data structure comprised of nodes that are interconnected through links. Each node contains data and a pointer to the next node in the sequence.

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Non-Primitive Data Structures

Data structures that are more complex than primitive data types. They often consist of multiple data elements organized in a specific way.

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List (Data Structure)

A linear data structure that stores a sequence of elements in a specific order, allowing for access, insertion, and deletion of elements.

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Stack (Data Structure)

A linear data structure that follows the LIFO principle (Last-In, First-Out). Elements are added and removed from the top of the stack.

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Queue (Data Structure)

A linear data structure that follows the FIFO principle (First-In, First-Out). Elements are added to the rear and removed from the front of the queue.

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Tree (Data Structure)

A non-linear data structure that organizes data in a hierarchical tree-like structure, where each element (node) can have multiple child nodes.

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One-Dimensional Array

A type of data structure used to store a sequence of values in a contiguous memory location. In simpler terms, think of it like an organized set of boxes (array elements) arranged in a row with each box holding a specific value.

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Array Element Datatype

The specific data type of the elements stored within the array. For instance, an array containing integers would have an integer data type.

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Array Size

The total number of elements (boxes) present in the array. This determines the array's capacity.

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Array Declaration Syntax

The mechanism for declaring a one-dimensional array in a programming language. It involves specifying the data type of the elements, the name of the array, and its size.

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Array Declaration Example

A specific example provided to demonstrate the concept of array declaration. It includes the array's data type, name, and size.

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What is an array?

An array is a data structure where elements are stored in consecutive memory locations and accessed based on their position or index. It is a fixed-size collection that can hold elements of the same data type, such as integers, floating-point numbers, or strings.

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Array Overflow

When the number of elements you want to store is greater than the predefined size of the array, you cannot add more elements. This will result in an error because there's no space to store them.

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Array Underflow

If the number of elements you want to store is less than the predefined size of the array, the remaining spaces are automatically initialized to 0 (zero) in C/C++ and other languages.

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Why use arrays?

In programming, an array is used to store a collection of similar elements. It provides a way to organize and access multiple pieces of information, such as numbers, strings, or more complex data.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Data Structures

  • Data structures are ways of organizing information in a computer to make it easier to retrieve and use effectively.
  • Data structures influence the design of both the structure and functionality of a program.
  • A computer program is essentially input, processing, and output.
  • Data structures are used to organize data in memory for efficient algorithm execution.

Course Outlines

  • Course topics include stacks, queues, general lists, search algorithms (linear and binary), binary search trees, and graphs.
  • Implementations will be both array-based and linked-based.
  • Mathematical analysis of search algorithms will be included.

Three Steps in Study of Data Structures

  • Defining a data structure logically (mathematically): Understanding how data are related.
  • Implementing the structure in a computer language: Creating the structure in code.
  • Evaluating the structure quantitatively: Analyzing the structure's memory requirements and processing speed.

Considerations for Choosing a Data Structure

  • Data structures should effectively reflect relationships between data items in the real world.
  • Structures should remain simple to enable easy and quick processing of the data whenever needed..

Data Structure Example

  • Data structures such as arrays and linked lists are used to store student data and manage/retrieve information.
  • Key issues are space requirements and efficiency of operations (such as retrieval, insertion, and deletion of data).

Data Structures Used for Handling Input and Output

  • Several data structures include arrays, linked lists, queues, and stacks.
  • Each structure is suited to specific types of input/output handling.

Why Data Structures?

  • Data structures are a systematic method for storing and organizing data in computers to enable easy retrieval and efficient usage.

Definition of Data Structure

  • A data structure is a representation of how data elements relate to each other.
  • It is a way of organizing all data items including the relationships between them.

Algorithm Definition

  • An algorithm is a methodical, step-by-step procedure for solving a specific computational problem or task.
  • It's expressed as a list of well-defined steps in unambiguous language for functions.

Relationship Between Algorithms and Data Structures

  • Algorithms and data structures work together to create effective computer programs.
  • Selecting the right data structure is crucial for making an algorithm efficient in terms of memory usage and execution time.

Data Structure Classifications

  • Primitive vs Non-primitive: Primitive structures are basic building blocks (integers, floats; non-primitives are built from primitives).

    • Primitive examples are integer, float, character, and pointer.
    • Non-primitive examples include lists, stacks, queues, trees, and graphs.

  • Linear vs Non-linear: Linear data structures (arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues) store elements in a sequential manner; non-linear structures (trees, graphs) allow for more complex relationships between elements.

  • Homogeneous vs Heterogeneous: Homogeneous structures store elements of the same data type; heterogeneous structures can store different data types.

  • Static vs Dynamic: Static structures have a fixed size that is determined at compile time; dynamic structures can grow or shrink during program execution.

Different Types of Data Structures

  • Arrays: One-dimensional or multi-dimensional collections of elements with sequential access.

  • Linked Lists: Elements are connected sequentially in nodes, enabling dynamic memory allocation and insertions/deletions.

  • Stacks: Elements are added and removed in a last-in, first-out (LIFO) manner.

  • Queues: Elements are added and removed in a first-in, first-out (FIFO) manner.

  • Trees: Hierarchically structured data where each node has children.

    • Binary search trees are an important type of tree that balances search performance.

  • Graphs: A structure consisting of a set of nodes (vertices) and a set of edges connecting them. Nodes can be connected in complex ways.

Operations on Data Structures

  • Create, Selection, Updating, Deleting, Searching, Sorting, Merging

Data Structure for Storing Student Data

  • Arrays or linked lists can store student data.
  • Issues include space needed and time to complete operations like retrieval, insertion, and deletion.

Why is Bubble Sort Called Bubble Sort

  • Elements move up like bubbles toward higher sorted levels from beginning of array.

Description of Bubble Sort

  • Bubble Sort is used to order elements (of an array).
  • It repeatedly compares and swaps adjacent elements until the entire array is sorted.

Description of Insertion Sort

  • Insertion Sort places each element in its proper sorted position compared to the elements before it one-by-one.

Description of Selection Sort

  • Selection Sort repeatedly finds the minimum element and places it at the beginning of the unsorted section of the array.

Sorting Technique Complexity Analysis

  • Bubble Sort: O(n^2) time complexity (can be improved to O(n) when the list is sorted—best case). It only uses a single variable.

  • Insertion Sort: O(n^2) time complexity (can be improved to O(n) when the list is sorted—best case), using a single variable for storage.

  • Selection Sort: O(n^2) time complexity. Single variable for storage.

Additional Data Structure Topics

  • Further development of different sorting techniques (e.g., merge sort, quick sort) is a subsequent agenda item.

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