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Questions and Answers
What type of laws protect against harm to persons or property?
What type of laws protect against harm to persons or property?
Which of the following laws are enacted by legislatures?
Which of the following laws are enacted by legislatures?
Which characteristic of criminal law states that it is binding on all persons within Philippine territory?
Which characteristic of criminal law states that it is binding on all persons within Philippine territory?
Which type of law varies depending on religious denominations?
Which type of law varies depending on religious denominations?
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What is the principle of prospectivity in criminal law?
What is the principle of prospectivity in criminal law?
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Which source of criminal law includes amendments to the Revised Penal Code?
Which source of criminal law includes amendments to the Revised Penal Code?
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Which law is referred to as mala prohibita?
Which law is referred to as mala prohibita?
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What exception to territoriality is provided in Article 2 of the Revised Penal Code?
What exception to territoriality is provided in Article 2 of the Revised Penal Code?
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What was one of the key elements of customary law in the Pre-Spanish Philippines?
What was one of the key elements of customary law in the Pre-Spanish Philippines?
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Which of the following penalties was NOT listed in the Code of Kalantiao?
Which of the following penalties was NOT listed in the Code of Kalantiao?
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What is the primary function of law enforcement in the Philippine Criminal Justice System?
What is the primary function of law enforcement in the Philippine Criminal Justice System?
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Which agency is responsible for representing the government in legal proceedings?
Which agency is responsible for representing the government in legal proceedings?
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Which of the following is a defining feature of the Corrections pillar in the Philippine Criminal Justice System?
Which of the following is a defining feature of the Corrections pillar in the Philippine Criminal Justice System?
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Which of the following acts was severely punished under the Code of Kalantiao?
Which of the following acts was severely punished under the Code of Kalantiao?
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What aspect of social structure did the customary law in Pre-Spanish Philippines emphasize?
What aspect of social structure did the customary law in Pre-Spanish Philippines emphasize?
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Which of the following was a severe punishment enforced by law against husbands who maltreated their wives?
Which of the following was a severe punishment enforced by law against husbands who maltreated their wives?
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What type of criminal often acts impulsively during extreme emotional states such as anger or jealousy?
What type of criminal often acts impulsively during extreme emotional states such as anger or jealousy?
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Which classification of criminals is characterized by a high level of organization allowing them to commit crimes unnoticed?
Which classification of criminals is characterized by a high level of organization allowing them to commit crimes unnoticed?
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Which of the following describes criminals who engage in illegal acts primarily due to unforeseen circumstances?
Which of the following describes criminals who engage in illegal acts primarily due to unforeseen circumstances?
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Which type of criminal is defined by consistently engaging in criminal behavior due to a lack of self-control?
Which type of criminal is defined by consistently engaging in criminal behavior due to a lack of self-control?
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What classification includes criminals who rely on skills or cleverness to successfully execute crimes?
What classification includes criminals who rely on skills or cleverness to successfully execute crimes?
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Which type of criminal is termed as one who appears normal but has socialization deficits?
Which type of criminal is termed as one who appears normal but has socialization deficits?
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Which classification of criminals is the lowest in terms of organizational structure?
Which classification of criminals is the lowest in terms of organizational structure?
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What classification includes criminals motivated by external inducements or rewards?
What classification includes criminals motivated by external inducements or rewards?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Criminology
- Criminology is a branch of study that aims to scientifically analyze the conditions under which penal or criminal laws develop as a process of formal social control.
Sociology of Law
- This is the first division of criminology, aiming for a scientific study of the conditions surrounding the development of penal and criminal laws.
General Types of Law
- Natural Laws: Protect against harm to persons (e.g., murder, rape, assault) or property (e.g., theft, larceny, robbery). Form the basis of common law systems. In the Philippines, these are crimes defined in the Revised Penal Code (RPC).
- Statutory Laws: Enacted by legislatures, reflecting current cultural norms. Some may be controversial (e.g., marijuana laws, gambling laws). These laws are often considered "mala prohibita" in criminology.
- Divine Laws: Rules from religious texts (e.g., the Bible's Ten Commandments). These vary based on religious beliefs.
Criminal Law
- It's the branch of law that defines crimes, details their characteristics, and specifies punishments.
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Sources:
- Revised Penal Code (Act No. 3815) and its amendments
- Special Penal Laws passed by various Philippine legislative bodies (Philippine Commission, Philippine Assembly, Philippine Legislature, National Assembly, Congress of the Philippines, and the Batasang Pambansa)
- Penal Presidential Decrees issued during Martial Law
Characteristics of Criminal Law
- Generality: Binding on all persons in the Philippine territory.
- Territoriality: Punishes crimes committed within Philippine territory (with exceptions outlined in Article 2 of the Revised Penal Code).
- Prospectivity: Cannot punish acts that weren't punishable under existing law at the time of commission (prohibits ex post facto laws).
Brief History of Philippine Criminal Law
- Before the Code of Kalantiao (1433), the Philippines had customary, unwritten laws.
- Notable Pre-Spanish laws:
- Respect for elders and parents
- Strict obedience of children
- Strict contract fulfillment
- Equality between husband and wife (socially and concerning property)
Penalties Under the Code of Kalantiao
- The penal laws were extensive and severe.
- Penalties included:
- Death
- Incineration
- Mutilation
- Slavery/flagellation
- Being bitten by ants
- Other disciplinary penalties (e.g., underwater confinement)
- Punishments were severe for cruelty to wives, husbands who abused wives, adultery, and marriage to very young girls.
Criminal Justice System (PCJS)
- This system maintains social order, prevents crimes, enforces laws, and administers justice.
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Primary agencies:
- Law Enforcement
- Prosecution
- Courts
- Corrections
- Community
Law Enforcement
- Law enforcement agencies (e.g., police) maintain peace and order, investigate crimes, and apprehend offenders. Their actions start the criminal justice process.
Prosecution
- Public attorneys and prosecutors represent the government in legal proceedings.
- They build cases against accused criminals, present evidence, and strive to prove guilt in court.
Court
- The government body responsible for the proper administration of justice.
Correction
- Institutions that administer correctional and rehabilitation programs.
- Aims to develop offenders' skills/potentials; facilitate reintegration into community and family life.
Community
- The community plays a central role in the PCJS. Community involvement helps the other pillars reach their goals.
Criminals
- Refers to any person who violated a penal law and was found guilty after observing judicial procedures.
General Classification of Criminals
-
Etiology:
- Acute Criminals: Act on impulse (e.g., passion, anger, jealousy).
- Chronic Criminals: Act with intent.
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Behavioral Systems:
- Ordinary Criminals: Lowest level of criminal career
- Organized Criminals: Highly organized to avoid detection.
- Professional Criminals: Skilled or clever enough to successfully commit crimes (often making money).
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Activities:
- Professional Criminals: Earn living through criminal activity.
- Accidental Criminals: Crimes due to unexpected situations.
- Habitual Criminals: Repeat criminal acts.
- Situational Criminals: Frequently in trouble with legal authorities.
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Mental Attitudes:
- Active Aggressive Criminals: Impulsive crimes due to aggressive behavior.
- Passive Inadequate Criminals: Crimes resulting from inducement, promises.
- Socialized Delinquent/Criminal: Normal behavior, poor socialization.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamentals of criminology, including the sociology of law and the various types of laws like natural, statutory, and divine law. Test your knowledge on how these laws influence criminal behavior and the legal system. Ideal for students studying introductory criminology or related fields.
