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Questions and Answers
The TCP/IP model has ______ layers.
The TCP/IP model has ______ layers.
four
In the network layer of the OSI model, both ______ and connection-oriented communication are supported.
In the network layer of the OSI model, both ______ and connection-oriented communication are supported.
connectionless
The layer responsible for user services in the TCP/IP model is known as the ______ layer.
The layer responsible for user services in the TCP/IP model is known as the ______ layer.
application
The protocols that provide common system functions are classified as ______ Protocols.
The protocols that provide common system functions are classified as ______ Protocols.
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Each host on a subnetwork must have a unique ______ address.
Each host on a subnetwork must have a unique ______ address.
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The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ensures data delivery to the proper ______.
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ensures data delivery to the proper ______.
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The OSI model has ______ layers compared to the TCP/IP model.
The OSI model has ______ layers compared to the TCP/IP model.
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The two most important protocols in the TCP/IP suite are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet ______.
The two most important protocols in the TCP/IP suite are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet ______.
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The application layer contains a variety of protocols that are commonly needed by users, such as ______.
The application layer contains a variety of protocols that are commonly needed by users, such as ______.
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The TCP/IP reference model is based on its two primary protocols: TCP and ______.
The TCP/IP reference model is based on its two primary protocols: TCP and ______.
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In the TCP/IP model, the layer responsible for placing packets onto the network medium is known as the ______ Layer.
In the TCP/IP model, the layer responsible for placing packets onto the network medium is known as the ______ Layer.
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One of the major goals of the TCP/IP model was to ensure the network could survive loss of ______ hardware.
One of the major goals of the TCP/IP model was to ensure the network could survive loss of ______ hardware.
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The TCP/IP model contains ______ layers instead of the seven found in the OSI model.
The TCP/IP model contains ______ layers instead of the seven found in the OSI model.
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Independence from specific network technology allows TCP/IP to be adapted to varying network ______.
Independence from specific network technology allows TCP/IP to be adapted to varying network ______.
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The role of the Presentation Layer involves data ______ and translation.
The role of the Presentation Layer involves data ______ and translation.
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Session Layer functions primarily manage and control the ______ between applications.
Session Layer functions primarily manage and control the ______ between applications.
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The ______ layer is responsible for establishing, managing, and terminating sessions between applications.
The ______ layer is responsible for establishing, managing, and terminating sessions between applications.
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The ______ layer formats and encrypts data to be sent over the network.
The ______ layer formats and encrypts data to be sent over the network.
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Common protocols used at the ______ layer include HTTP, FTP, and SMTP.
Common protocols used at the ______ layer include HTTP, FTP, and SMTP.
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The ______ layer in the OSI model is responsible for data transportation and provides error handling and flow control.
The ______ layer in the OSI model is responsible for data transportation and provides error handling and flow control.
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The OSI reference model consists of ______ distinct layers.
The OSI reference model consists of ______ distinct layers.
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The TCP/IP model is sometimes referred to as the ______ model due to its widespread use in networking.
The TCP/IP model is sometimes referred to as the ______ model due to its widespread use in networking.
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In networking, a ______ is a formal set of rules and conventions that governs communication between devices.
In networking, a ______ is a formal set of rules and conventions that governs communication between devices.
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To ensure interoperability, the OSI model was developed by the ______ Standard Organization (ISO).
To ensure interoperability, the OSI model was developed by the ______ Standard Organization (ISO).
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Study Notes
Introduction to Computer Networks
- Computers are still young compared to other industries but have made significant progress in a short time.
- Early computer systems were centralized in large rooms.
- The 1970s and 1980s saw the merge of computer science and data communication significantly altering the industry.
- Computer networks are collections of individual but interconnected computers.
Definition of Computer Networks
- A computer network is a collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a single technology.
- Interconnected computers can exchange information.
- Networks can utilize copper wire, fiber optics, microwaves, infrared, and communication satellites.
- Networks come in many forms, sizes, and shapes.
Communication Components
- Information is a crucial component in the modern world.
- Information is a valuable resource akin to money and energy.
- The need for information continues to grow, leading to a need for sharing information among various individuals and places.
- Data communication is the exchange of information between two agents through a transmission media (channel).
- Data communication systems have 5 components: message, sender, receiver, medium, protocol.
Communication Model Components
- Source: The device that creates data for transmission (e.g., phone, computer).
- Transmitter: An intermediary that transforms and encodes the source data for transmission across a communication system (e.g., modem).
- Transmission System: The physical path for data transmission (e.g., single transmission line, complex network).
- Receiver: The device that takes the signal from the transmission system and converts it back into a usable form for a destination device (e.g., modem).
- Destination: The device that receives the data (e.g., computer, phone).
- Medium: The physical path for communicating a message (e.g., cable, wireless).
- Protocol: A set of rules governing how information is exchanged (sender and receiver must agree upon protocol to exchange data).
Key Communication Tasks
- Transmission System Utilization: Efficient use of shared communication facilities (multiplexing).
- Addressing: Source system identifies and targets an intended recipient.
- Interfacing: Device connects with the transmission system.
- Routing: Paths for data transmission through a network are chosen.
- Signal Generation: Creation of signals that can travel and be interpreted.
- Recovery: Restoring the system's state if transmission fails.
- Synchronization: Ensuring consistency and timing of signals between sender and receiver.
- Message Formatting: The sender and receiver agree on a standard format for data.
- Error Detection and Correction: Handling issues and fixing corrupted data.
- Flow Control: Management of data transmission rates between sender and receiver.
- Security: Safeguarding data from unauthorized access.
- Network Management: Enabling proper operation of the system (configuring, troubleshooting, etc.).
Network Topology
- Topology: The arrangement or layout of nodes (computers) and connections in a network.
- Bus Topology: All stations connect to a common transmission line.
- Bus Topology Advantages: Easy to connect and less cable compared to a star topology.
- Bus Topology Disadvantages: Entire network shut down if the main cable is broken. Difficult to diagnose problems.
- Ring Topology: All stations connect to a closed loop to transmit data unidirectionally.
- Ring Topology Advantages: Equal access for all users, simple in design.
- Ring Topology Disadvantages: Expensive wiring, Difficult Connections, Expensive Adaptor Cards.
- Star Topology: Each station connects to a central hub/switch.
- Star Topology Advantages: Easy to install and maintain, troubleshooting faults is easier, adding network devices is easy.
- Star Topology Disadvantages: Requires more cable length than a linear bus topology, performance diminishes slightly with more users, if the hub fails, the entire network fails.
- Mesh Topology: Each device directly connects to multiple other devices.
- Hybrid Topology: Combination of network topologies (e.g., star and bus).
- Internetworking: Interconnection of various networks.
- Intranet: Network for internal use, within an organization.
- Extranet: Extends the intranet to authorized external users.
- Internet: A worldwide collection of interconnected networks
OSI and TCP/IP Reference Model
- OSI Model: Seven layers to address network functionality. Describes how different components of a network communicate and implement network systems functions.
- TCP/IP Model: Four layers. Describes functions and the components and communication processes taking place in a network.
- Application Layer: Highest level, enabling user to use the network and provides common user functions (e.g., web browsing, email).
- Presentation Layer: Converts data into a format understandable by the application layer (e.g., encryption, decryption).
- Session Layer: Controls interactions between applications on different computers (e.g., start/stop communication, dialog control).
- Transport Layer: Provides reliable communication between applications (e.g., acknowledgements sent for data integrity).
- Network Layer: Addresses and routes data packets. Determine whether the packet is sent between two computers or through subnetwork segments.
- Data Link Layer: Creates data frames; controls the physical transmission of data. Enables communication between directly connected devices in a network (e.g. MAC addresses).
- Physical Layer: Translates data into electrical signals to transmit information through physical transmission media (e.g., radio, cable)
Protocols and Architectures
- Protocols: A set of rules or standards governing how data is transmitted on a network.
- Standard vs. Nonstandard: Protocols are either standard and followed by everyone, or nonstandard followed by a specific vendor.
- Syntax: Data Format, Coding and Signal Levels
- Semantics : Control Information Handling
- Timing : Speed Matching, and other parameters
- Direct Communication: Communication between two entities without a shared transmission mechanism.
- Indirect Communication: Communication between two entities through a switching network
Business Applications of Computer Networks
- Resource Sharing: (e.g., printers, files, data).
- Communication among people (e.g., email, videoconferencing) across a company.
- Electronic business (e.g., orders, inventory, finances; customer service).
- Information Sharing within an organization
Home Applications of Computer Networks
- Access to remote information (e.g., libraries, news sites, e-mails).
- Person-to-person communication (e.g., email, instant messaging).
- Interactive entertainment (e.g., video games, online streaming).
- E-commerce (e.g., online shopping)
Mobile Users of Computer Networks
- Portable office on the road.
- Mobile devices using wireless networks for communication/data.
- Wireless networking in airports, hotels; schools.
- Mobile devices for transactions, financial service, information access.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of computer networks and their evolution over the decades. Understand the definition of computer networks and their critical communication components. This quiz will enhance your knowledge about the interconnected nature of modern computing.
