Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of water on Earth is considered potable and available for use?
What percentage of water on Earth is considered potable and available for use?
- 20%
- 2.5%
- 0.8% (correct)
- 10%
What was a significant health advancement related to water treatment introduced in 1908?
What was a significant health advancement related to water treatment introduced in 1908?
- Ultraviolet treatment
- Reverse osmosis
- Chlorination of water (correct)
- Electric filtration systems
Which ancient civilization is noted for having purification apparatuses recorded on their walls?
Which ancient civilization is noted for having purification apparatuses recorded on their walls?
- Roman
- Chinese
- Egyptian (correct)
- Greek
According to the data, what is the estimated daily per capita water requirement?
According to the data, what is the estimated daily per capita water requirement?
What proportion of all diseases and deaths in developing countries is linked to contaminated water?
What proportion of all diseases and deaths in developing countries is linked to contaminated water?
What is one example of a water-borne disease?
What is one example of a water-borne disease?
Which type of disease is caused by insufficient water quantity?
Which type of disease is caused by insufficient water quantity?
What is the main risk factor associated with the water-contact disease schistosomiasis?
What is the main risk factor associated with the water-contact disease schistosomiasis?
What is one of the diseases transmitted by insects that thrive in water?
What is one of the diseases transmitted by insects that thrive in water?
What does the uncertainty factor (UF) represent in the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) formula?
What does the uncertainty factor (UF) represent in the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) formula?
Which of the following chemicals can pose health risks in drinking water?
Which of the following chemicals can pose health risks in drinking water?
In the context of acceptable daily intake for drinking water, which variable does 'BW' stand for?
In the context of acceptable daily intake for drinking water, which variable does 'BW' stand for?
What is a common risk associated with industrial usage of water?
What is a common risk associated with industrial usage of water?
What portion of ADI is allocated to drinking water in the formula?
What portion of ADI is allocated to drinking water in the formula?
Which of these is not a health risk associated with drinking water?
Which of these is not a health risk associated with drinking water?
Flashcards
Hydrologic Cycle
Hydrologic Cycle
The process of water moving through the environment, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
Water Treatment in Antiquity
Water Treatment in Antiquity
Boiling or filtering water to remove impurities and improve its appearance. Used in antiquity by the Greeks.
Potable Water
Potable Water
The amount of water readily available for human use, including sources like aquifers and lakes, making up a small percentage of Earth's total water.
John Snow and Cholera
John Snow and Cholera
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Chlorination of Water
Chlorination of Water
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Total personal domestic usage
Total personal domestic usage
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Total industrial usage
Total industrial usage
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Total irrigation usage
Total irrigation usage
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Water-borne diseases
Water-borne diseases
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Water-privation diseases
Water-privation diseases
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Water-contact diseases
Water-contact diseases
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Water-insect related diseases
Water-insect related diseases
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Toxic chemicals in water
Toxic chemicals in water
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Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
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Guideline Value (GV)
Guideline Value (GV)
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Study Notes
Introduction to Civil Engineering (CE-UY 1002)
- The course is titled CE-UY 1002: Introduction to Civil Engineering
- This is a Fall 2024 course by NYU Tandon
Water and its Importance Throughout History
- Images of modern and ancient water sources were presented in class, illustrating the historical importance of maintaining clean water for human welfare
- The evolution of understanding water management and treatment throughout history.
Pure Water in Antiquity
- 4000 BCE: Early civilizations recognized the need for water treatment methods (boiling, filtration) for improved aesthetic properties.
- 1500 BCE: Egyptians used purifying apparatuses (with alum addition) evidenced by pictures found on Egyptian walls.
- 400 BCE: Hippocrates recognized the correlation between water management and health.
- 1st Century CE: Aqueducts and settling reservoirs further evolved water management systems.
More Recent Developments in Water Treatment
- 1854: John Snow's study on cholera outbreaks marked a turning point in understanding waterborne diseases.
- 1892: Robert Koch identified filtration as a mechanism to remove cholera-causing bacteria.
- 1908: Introduction of chlorination for municipal water treatment; Jersey City, NJ, was the first city to implement this method. Municipal water treatment significantly reduced the number of deaths.
Water Facts and Figures
- Only approximately 0.8% of Earth's water is potable and readily available for use (held in aquifers, lakes, rivers, plants, etc.)
- Freshwater volume (lakes & rivers): 2.5 x 1016 gallons
- Groundwater volume: 2.8 x 1018 gallons
- 70% of precipitation evaporates, 20% runs off into surface water, and 10% soaks into the ground.
Hydrologic Cycle
- Describes the continuous movement of water on Earth.
- Shows the process of evaporation, cloud formation, precipitation, infiltration, and groundwater replenishment.
- Shows a diagram of the water cycle.
More Water Facts and Figures
- Daily per capita water requirement: 2-3 liters
- Number of people globally without access to safe drinking water: 0.7 - 1.7 billion
- 80% of diseases and 33% of deaths in developing countries are linked to contaminated water consumption
Human Water Usage (US Estimates)
- Personal use (drinking, cooking, laundering, bathing, etc.): 15 Billion Gallons per Day (BGD)
- Industrial use (paper, petroleum, chemicals): 36 BGD
- Irrigation (mostly agriculture): 100 BGD
- Other uses (power generation): May contribute to thermal pollution
Health Risks Associated with Water
- Waterborne Diseases: Diseases resulting from ingesting water contaminated with pathogens (cholera, cryptosporidiosis).
- Water-Privation Diseases: Diseases related to insufficient water quantity and hygiene (skin/eye infections, dysentery).
- Water-Contact Diseases: Diseases resulting from contact with organisms in water (Guinea worm disease, schistosomiasis).
- Water-Insect Related Diseases: Vector-borne illnesses spread by insects utilizing water sources for breeding (malaria, West Nile, Zika).
- Toxic Chemicals: Pollution from minerals (arsenic), fertilizers (nitrates), and industrial waste (heavy metals)
Health Risks, Continued
- Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) and Guideline Values (GV) for chemicals in water.
- Calculation of ADI using No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) or Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) and uncertainty factor (UF).
- Calculating Guideline Value (GV) using ADI, body weight (BW), proportion of ADI allocated to drinking water (P), and consumption rate (C).
- Examples: Calculating ADI and GV for Arsenic in drinking water exposure.
Water Quality and Pollution
- Various sources of water pollution.
- Agricultural run-off (soil erosion, fertilizers, animal waste, pesticides).
- Urban runoff (oil, gasoline, leaves, pesticides).
- Point Sources: Domestic wastewater, Industrial wastewater discharge.
- Diagram illustrating sources of water pollution.
Water Quality and Pollution Continued/Municipal Water Treatment Process
- Diagram showing the municipal drinking water treatment process, including water collection, treatment plant, and distribution system.
- Steps in typical municipal water treatment process: screening, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection.
Conclusion
- Lack of access to clean drinking water is a significant global public health concern, particularly in developing countries.
- While developed countries have a less severe problem, illnesses and deaths from poor water quality still occur annually.
- Population growth and climate change are contributing factors to the persistence of this problem.
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