Introduction to Civil Engineering: Water Management

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of water on Earth is considered potable and available for use?

  • 20%
  • 2.5%
  • 0.8% (correct)
  • 10%

What was a significant health advancement related to water treatment introduced in 1908?

  • Ultraviolet treatment
  • Reverse osmosis
  • Chlorination of water (correct)
  • Electric filtration systems

Which ancient civilization is noted for having purification apparatuses recorded on their walls?

  • Roman
  • Chinese
  • Egyptian (correct)
  • Greek

According to the data, what is the estimated daily per capita water requirement?

<p>2-3 liters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of all diseases and deaths in developing countries is linked to contaminated water?

<p>33% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of a water-borne disease?

<p>Cholera (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of disease is caused by insufficient water quantity?

<p>Water-privational diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main risk factor associated with the water-contact disease schistosomiasis?

<p>Contact with contaminated water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the diseases transmitted by insects that thrive in water?

<p>Zika (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the uncertainty factor (UF) represent in the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) formula?

<p>Safety margin in toxicology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following chemicals can pose health risks in drinking water?

<p>Arsenic from minerals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of acceptable daily intake for drinking water, which variable does 'BW' stand for?

<p>Body Weight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk associated with industrial usage of water?

<p>Thermal pollution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What portion of ADI is allocated to drinking water in the formula?

<p>P (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is not a health risk associated with drinking water?

<p>Obesity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hydrologic Cycle

The process of water moving through the environment, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.

Water Treatment in Antiquity

Boiling or filtering water to remove impurities and improve its appearance. Used in antiquity by the Greeks.

Potable Water

The amount of water readily available for human use, including sources like aquifers and lakes, making up a small percentage of Earth's total water.

John Snow and Cholera

In 1854, John Snow linked cholera to contaminated water, leading to the understanding of water-borne diseases.

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Chlorination of Water

The addition of chlorine to water supplies, introduced in 1908, significantly reduced water-borne illness deaths.

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Total personal domestic usage

The amount of water used for personal needs at home, including drinking, cooking, and bathing.

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Total industrial usage

The amount of water utilized in industries like paper, petroleum, chemical, and metal manufacturing.

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Total irrigation usage

The amount of water used for agricultural purposes, primarily watering crops.

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Water-borne diseases

Diseases caused by swallowing water contaminated with harmful organisms.

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Water-privation diseases

Diseases caused by insufficient access to clean water for hygiene.

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Water-contact diseases

Diseases caused by coming into contact with organisms in water.

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Water-insect related diseases

Diseases transmitted by insects that use water sources as their habitat.

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Toxic chemicals in water

Harmful chemicals present in water, such as arsenic, fertilizers, and heavy metals.

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Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)

The estimated safe amount of a chemical a person can consume daily without adverse health effects.

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Guideline Value (GV)

A guideline value for the maximum concentration of a chemical allowed in drinking water.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Civil Engineering (CE-UY 1002)

  • The course is titled CE-UY 1002: Introduction to Civil Engineering
  • This is a Fall 2024 course by NYU Tandon

Water and its Importance Throughout History

  • Images of modern and ancient water sources were presented in class, illustrating the historical importance of maintaining clean water for human welfare
  • The evolution of understanding water management and treatment throughout history.

Pure Water in Antiquity

  • 4000 BCE: Early civilizations recognized the need for water treatment methods (boiling, filtration) for improved aesthetic properties.
  • 1500 BCE: Egyptians used purifying apparatuses (with alum addition) evidenced by pictures found on Egyptian walls.
  • 400 BCE: Hippocrates recognized the correlation between water management and health.
  • 1st Century CE: Aqueducts and settling reservoirs further evolved water management systems.

More Recent Developments in Water Treatment

  • 1854: John Snow's study on cholera outbreaks marked a turning point in understanding waterborne diseases.
  • 1892: Robert Koch identified filtration as a mechanism to remove cholera-causing bacteria.
  • 1908: Introduction of chlorination for municipal water treatment; Jersey City, NJ, was the first city to implement this method. Municipal water treatment significantly reduced the number of deaths.

Water Facts and Figures

  • Only approximately 0.8% of Earth's water is potable and readily available for use (held in aquifers, lakes, rivers, plants, etc.)
  • Freshwater volume (lakes & rivers): 2.5 x 1016 gallons
  • Groundwater volume: 2.8 x 1018 gallons
  • 70% of precipitation evaporates, 20% runs off into surface water, and 10% soaks into the ground.

Hydrologic Cycle

  • Describes the continuous movement of water on Earth.
  • Shows the process of evaporation, cloud formation, precipitation, infiltration, and groundwater replenishment.
  • Shows a diagram of the water cycle.

More Water Facts and Figures

  • Daily per capita water requirement: 2-3 liters
  • Number of people globally without access to safe drinking water: 0.7 - 1.7 billion
  • 80% of diseases and 33% of deaths in developing countries are linked to contaminated water consumption

Human Water Usage (US Estimates)

  • Personal use (drinking, cooking, laundering, bathing, etc.): 15 Billion Gallons per Day (BGD)
  • Industrial use (paper, petroleum, chemicals): 36 BGD
  • Irrigation (mostly agriculture): 100 BGD
  • Other uses (power generation): May contribute to thermal pollution

Health Risks Associated with Water

  • Waterborne Diseases: Diseases resulting from ingesting water contaminated with pathogens (cholera, cryptosporidiosis).
  • Water-Privation Diseases: Diseases related to insufficient water quantity and hygiene (skin/eye infections, dysentery).
  • Water-Contact Diseases: Diseases resulting from contact with organisms in water (Guinea worm disease, schistosomiasis).
  • Water-Insect Related Diseases: Vector-borne illnesses spread by insects utilizing water sources for breeding (malaria, West Nile, Zika).
  • Toxic Chemicals: Pollution from minerals (arsenic), fertilizers (nitrates), and industrial waste (heavy metals)

Health Risks, Continued

  • Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) and Guideline Values (GV) for chemicals in water.
  • Calculation of ADI using No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) or Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) and uncertainty factor (UF).
  • Calculating Guideline Value (GV) using ADI, body weight (BW), proportion of ADI allocated to drinking water (P), and consumption rate (C).
  • Examples: Calculating ADI and GV for Arsenic in drinking water exposure.

Water Quality and Pollution

  • Various sources of water pollution.
  • Agricultural run-off (soil erosion, fertilizers, animal waste, pesticides).
  • Urban runoff (oil, gasoline, leaves, pesticides).
  • Point Sources: Domestic wastewater, Industrial wastewater discharge.
  • Diagram illustrating sources of water pollution.

Water Quality and Pollution Continued/Municipal Water Treatment Process

  • Diagram showing the municipal drinking water treatment process, including water collection, treatment plant, and distribution system.
  • Steps in typical municipal water treatment process: screening, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection.

Conclusion

  • Lack of access to clean drinking water is a significant global public health concern, particularly in developing countries.
  • While developed countries have a less severe problem, illnesses and deaths from poor water quality still occur annually.
  • Population growth and climate change are contributing factors to the persistence of this problem.

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