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Questions and Answers
Many sources of water are directly suitable for drinking purposes without treatment.
Many sources of water are directly suitable for drinking purposes without treatment.
False (B)
Water treatment plant operators have the responsibility for the health and well-being of the community they serve.
Water treatment plant operators have the responsibility for the health and well-being of the community they serve.
True (A)
What is the purpose of coagulation-flocculation?
What is the purpose of coagulation-flocculation?
- To filter out suspended particles
- To settle out larger suspended particles
- To control corrosion
- To gather together fine, light particles to form floc to aid the sedimentation and filtration processes. (correct)
What is the purpose of filtration?
What is the purpose of filtration?
What is the main purpose of a water treatment plant's intake structure?
What is the main purpose of a water treatment plant's intake structure?
Smaller sized particles, such as bacteria and fine clays and silts, readily settle out of water.
Smaller sized particles, such as bacteria and fine clays and silts, readily settle out of water.
Overdosing as well as underdosing of coagulants may lead to reduced solids removal efficiency.
Overdosing as well as underdosing of coagulants may lead to reduced solids removal efficiency.
The maximum allowable level of turbidity in water is 0.5 NTU with a recommended level of 0.1 NTU.
The maximum allowable level of turbidity in water is 0.5 NTU with a recommended level of 0.1 NTU.
What is alkalinity?
What is alkalinity?
What is the usual culprit when there are sudden increases in filtered water turbidity?
What is the usual culprit when there are sudden increases in filtered water turbidity?
The settling rate of a particle becomes much slower as the temperature increases.
The settling rate of a particle becomes much slower as the temperature increases.
Whenever actual flows in a water treatment plant approach or exceed design flows, problems are likely to develop.
Whenever actual flows in a water treatment plant approach or exceed design flows, problems are likely to develop.
What are the purposes of the sedimentation process?
What are the purposes of the sedimentation process?
What is adsorption?
What is adsorption?
What is filter backwashing?
What is filter backwashing?
Direct filtration is considered a feasible alternative to conventional filtration when source waters are low in which constituent?
Direct filtration is considered a feasible alternative to conventional filtration when source waters are low in which constituent?
Excessive turbidity will greatly increase the efficiency of the disinfecting chemical process.
Excessive turbidity will greatly increase the efficiency of the disinfecting chemical process.
Organics found in the water can consume great amounts of disinfectants while forming unwanted compounds.
Organics found in the water can consume great amounts of disinfectants while forming unwanted compounds.
The demand for chlorine must be satisfied before chlorine becomes available to accomplish disinfection.
The demand for chlorine must be satisfied before chlorine becomes available to accomplish disinfection.
Which of the following is direct filtration?
Which of the following is direct filtration?
The minimum number of filter modules is __________.
The minimum number of filter modules is __________.
Multi-media filters use sand, anthracite coal, and ________ for the filter media.
Multi-media filters use sand, anthracite coal, and ________ for the filter media.
Which of the following processes takes the longest amount of time?
Which of the following processes takes the longest amount of time?
Detention time is theoretical time required ___________.
Detention time is theoretical time required ___________.
Which of the following factors affects the settling of floc in the sedimentation basin?
Which of the following factors affects the settling of floc in the sedimentation basin?
What happens if the velocity of water leaving the sedimentation basin is too high?
What happens if the velocity of water leaving the sedimentation basin is too high?
The purpose of the sludge zone is to ______________.
The purpose of the sludge zone is to ______________.
The chemical name for bleach is ____________.
The chemical name for bleach is ____________.
Which form of chlorine has the highest disinfecting ability in water?
Which form of chlorine has the highest disinfecting ability in water?
Which of the following water quality parameters is of greatest concern with UV disinfection?
Which of the following water quality parameters is of greatest concern with UV disinfection?
What is the effect of organics in water on disinfection?
What is the effect of organics in water on disinfection?
The 1986 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act required the U.S.EPA to ____________.
The 1986 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act required the U.S.EPA to ____________.
The maximum allowable level of turbidity in water is
The maximum allowable level of turbidity in water is
Put the steps of coagulation and flocculation in order from first to last:
Put the steps of coagulation and flocculation in order from first to last:
The ideal size for floc is between
The ideal size for floc is between
Poor floc formation could be the result of
Poor floc formation could be the result of
Secondary coagulants aid primary coagulants by adjusting the pH and providing additional surface area.
Secondary coagulants aid primary coagulants by adjusting the pH and providing additional surface area.
To determine which chemicals are the most effective and the proper dose to achieve the desired results, you should conduct a(n) ____________.
To determine which chemicals are the most effective and the proper dose to achieve the desired results, you should conduct a(n) ____________.
The frequency and amount of sludge removed from the sedimentation basin depends on.
The frequency and amount of sludge removed from the sedimentation basin depends on.
Sedimentation works by increasing the velocity of the water so suspended particles settle.
Sedimentation works by increasing the velocity of the water so suspended particles settle.
In the inlet zone, the velocity of water is _____________ to keep the floc from breaking.
In the inlet zone, the velocity of water is _____________ to keep the floc from breaking.
Which agency regulates bottled water?
Which agency regulates bottled water?
If a treatment plant violates a secondary standard, they may face enforcement action.
If a treatment plant violates a secondary standard, they may face enforcement action.
The standard requires the removal for Giardia and viruses at
The standard requires the removal for Giardia and viruses at
The most severe violation is a health hazard, which is classified as ________.
The most severe violation is a health hazard, which is classified as ________.
The minimum contact time for chlorine is
The minimum contact time for chlorine is
A system is classified as a Public Water System if it serves more than 25 individuals daily at least 60 days of the year or has more than 15 connections.
A system is classified as a Public Water System if it serves more than 25 individuals daily at least 60 days of the year or has more than 15 connections.
Transient Noncommunity Water Systems serve at least 25 of the same people over 6 months.
Transient Noncommunity Water Systems serve at least 25 of the same people over 6 months.
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Study Notes
Water Treatment Basics
- Many water sources require treatment before being deemed suitable for drinking.
- Water treatment operators play a critical role in ensuring community health and safety.
Coagulation and Filtration Processes
- Coagulation-flocculation aims to cluster fine particles into floc for easier removal.
- Filtration is essential to eliminate suspended particles from water.
Water Intake Structures
- The intake structure of a water treatment plant is designed to draw in water while filtering out debris that could damage the pumps.
Turbidity Standards
- The maximum allowable turbidity in drinking water is 0.5 NTU, with 0.1 NTU being the recommended level.
- Excessive turbidity can hinder the effectiveness of disinfection processes.
Chemical Properties and Treatment
- Alkalinity is the water's capacity to neutralize acids, which is crucial for maintaining pH levels during treatment.
- Organics in water can react with disinfectants, creating unwanted byproducts, such as trihalomethanes (THMs).
Processes in Water Treatment
- Coagulation involves introducing coagulants to clump particles, followed by flocculation and then sedimentation to remove these larger aggregates.
- Backwashing filters is a necessary step to clean the filter media by reversing water flow to dislodge trapped particles.
Water Quality Management
- Chlorine gas possesses the highest disinfecting ability compared to other forms of chlorine.
- Turbidity significantly impacts the efficacy of UV disinfection, which is sensitive to the clarity of water.
Regulatory Framework
- The 1986 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act mandated the U.S. EPA to outline treatment techniques for regulated contaminants.
- A public water system must serve over 25 people daily or have more than 15 connections to meet classification criteria.
Hazard Classification and Treatment Requirements
- The most serious violations of health standards are classified as Tier 4 hazards.
- The minimum contact time for chlorine to ensure effective disinfection is set at 30 minutes.
Practical Application in Treatment Plants
- Direct filtration is viable when source waters have low turbidity levels, while insufficient mixing can lead to poor floc formation.
- Understanding sedimentation dynamics is essential as high water velocities can lead to floc carryover into filters.
Testing and Monitoring
- Conducting a jar test is critical for identifying effective coagulants and determining appropriate dosing.
- The frequency of sludge removal from sedimentation tanks depends on floc settling efficiency.
Definitions and Terminology
- Adsorption refers to the process where substances cling to the surface of materials, an important concept in water treatment chemistry.
- Transient Noncommunity Water Systems serve groups of individuals but do not maintain the same population for extended periods.
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