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Questions and Answers
What is potassium permanganate most effective in?
What is potassium permanganate most effective in?
- Coloring water
- Disinfecting water
- Removing iron (correct)
- Adding nutrients
A total coliform positive sample must be tested for the presence of?
A total coliform positive sample must be tested for the presence of?
- Salmonella
- Cholera
- Fecal Coliforms (correct)
- E.coli
A change in the water elevation from the normal level to the pumping level is?
A change in the water elevation from the normal level to the pumping level is?
Drawdown
What type of self-contained breathing apparatus should be used at water plants?
What type of self-contained breathing apparatus should be used at water plants?
What type of water violation requires an all-clear notification be given to the public?
What type of water violation requires an all-clear notification be given to the public?
The fusible metal plugs on chlorine containers are designed to melt at what temperatures?
The fusible metal plugs on chlorine containers are designed to melt at what temperatures?
What percentage of solids sludge is produced in the precipitative softening plant?
What percentage of solids sludge is produced in the precipitative softening plant?
What type of algae would most likely be found in nutrient-rich water?
What type of algae would most likely be found in nutrient-rich water?
The loss of chloramine residuals in a water line or storage tank is due to?
The loss of chloramine residuals in a water line or storage tank is due to?
What adjustments will the operator of a surface water treatment plant have to make if the raw water is very high in turbidity levels?
What adjustments will the operator of a surface water treatment plant have to make if the raw water is very high in turbidity levels?
When 0.3 mg/L chlorine is added to water, the residual will increase by 0.3 mg/L.
When 0.3 mg/L chlorine is added to water, the residual will increase by 0.3 mg/L.
What tests are performed most frequently in drinking water systems?
What tests are performed most frequently in drinking water systems?
Shellfish grown in polluted waters have been known to contain the organism that causes infectious hepatitis.
Shellfish grown in polluted waters have been known to contain the organism that causes infectious hepatitis.
What is the main purpose for adding coagulant chemicals to raw water?
What is the main purpose for adding coagulant chemicals to raw water?
What is the depression around the well of the water surface caused by pumping water from a well?
What is the depression around the well of the water surface caused by pumping water from a well?
Most totalizer meters at treatment plants are commonly?
Most totalizer meters at treatment plants are commonly?
The organism that causes Giardiasis is best controlled by filtration followed by disinfection.
The organism that causes Giardiasis is best controlled by filtration followed by disinfection.
The temperature range at which coliform bacteria samples must be stored before being delivered to a lab is?
The temperature range at which coliform bacteria samples must be stored before being delivered to a lab is?
Where does most of the carbon dioxide in groundwater originate from?
Where does most of the carbon dioxide in groundwater originate from?
Regulations require that wastes from water treatment be monitored?
Regulations require that wastes from water treatment be monitored?
The injection of fluoride should be as far away as possible from any chemical containing?
The injection of fluoride should be as far away as possible from any chemical containing?
What is the best disinfectant against Cryptosporidium?
What is the best disinfectant against Cryptosporidium?
Organic chemistry is concerned with compounds containing what element?
Organic chemistry is concerned with compounds containing what element?
The chlorine demand will vary with?
The chlorine demand will vary with?
Why is water softening a part of the water treatment process?
Why is water softening a part of the water treatment process?
What oxidant should be fed as early as possible in the treatment process to allow for complete reaction before it enters the distribution system?
What oxidant should be fed as early as possible in the treatment process to allow for complete reaction before it enters the distribution system?
What is used for detection of chlorine gas leaks?
What is used for detection of chlorine gas leaks?
When using the lime soda ash process, it is impossible to produce water with a hardness of less than?
When using the lime soda ash process, it is impossible to produce water with a hardness of less than?
What chemical can be added to the water system to sequester iron and manganese?
What chemical can be added to the water system to sequester iron and manganese?
Which forces will pull particles together once they have been destabilized in the coagulation-flocculation process?
Which forces will pull particles together once they have been destabilized in the coagulation-flocculation process?
What changes does an operator need to make when there are issues with floc formation?
What changes does an operator need to make when there are issues with floc formation?
What type of chlorine gas feeder is most commonly used?
What type of chlorine gas feeder is most commonly used?
What will accurately measure a 500mL solution?
What will accurately measure a 500mL solution?
One of the ways an optimum coagulant dosage can be established is?
One of the ways an optimum coagulant dosage can be established is?
A property that is important to water treatment that is physical as opposed to chemical is?
A property that is important to water treatment that is physical as opposed to chemical is?
What does pinpoint floc, fish eyes, and high turbidity in settled water indicate?
What does pinpoint floc, fish eyes, and high turbidity in settled water indicate?
When responding to a chlorine gas leak, the responder should have an SCBA and a?
When responding to a chlorine gas leak, the responder should have an SCBA and a?
A 50% solution of caustic soda will begin to crystallize if the temperature drops below?
A 50% solution of caustic soda will begin to crystallize if the temperature drops below?
Records of sanitary surveys must be kept for?
Records of sanitary surveys must be kept for?
All chlorine gas rooms should have what for safety?
All chlorine gas rooms should have what for safety?
What effect will an increase in total dissolved solids in water to be treated be?
What effect will an increase in total dissolved solids in water to be treated be?
What is the maximum feed rate when adding fluoride to drinking water?
What is the maximum feed rate when adding fluoride to drinking water?
OSHA stands for?
OSHA stands for?
Filtration rates vary from what of filter surface area?
Filtration rates vary from what of filter surface area?
What would be the most probable solution to control algae in the source water if the algae is clogging the filters in the water plant?
What would be the most probable solution to control algae in the source water if the algae is clogging the filters in the water plant?
During daylight hours, algae growth in a reservoir will do what?
During daylight hours, algae growth in a reservoir will do what?
Dissolved-air flotation is particularly good for?
Dissolved-air flotation is particularly good for?
What type of filtration is permitted under the Surface Water Treatment Rule?
What type of filtration is permitted under the Surface Water Treatment Rule?
What test is used to determine the presence of coliform bacteria?
What test is used to determine the presence of coliform bacteria?
An organic particle that is stabilized by attracting a layer of water molecules to its surface is known as a?
An organic particle that is stabilized by attracting a layer of water molecules to its surface is known as a?
What do long filter runs tend to cause?
What do long filter runs tend to cause?
What type of polar bonds are between the hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom in water?
What type of polar bonds are between the hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom in water?
In gram staining, part of the coliform verification is?
In gram staining, part of the coliform verification is?
The C2 residual in water may be determined by using the reagent?
The C2 residual in water may be determined by using the reagent?
What is the process that is used to dewater sludge?
What is the process that is used to dewater sludge?
Water treatment chemicals are added based on?
Water treatment chemicals are added based on?
The most probable cause of a problem with a chlorinator is?
The most probable cause of a problem with a chlorinator is?
What national law regulates underground disposal of wastes in deep wells?
What national law regulates underground disposal of wastes in deep wells?
A sedimentation basin with mechanical sludge removal equipment should be drained and inspected?
A sedimentation basin with mechanical sludge removal equipment should be drained and inspected?
What is a physical separation between a water supply outlet and the flood-level rim of a receiving vessel that must be at least twice the diameter of the water supply outlet and never less than one inch?
What is a physical separation between a water supply outlet and the flood-level rim of a receiving vessel that must be at least twice the diameter of the water supply outlet and never less than one inch?
What does the operator use to adjust the amount of liquid or gas delivered to water?
What does the operator use to adjust the amount of liquid or gas delivered to water?
In a permit entry confined space, who is responsible for terminating entries?
In a permit entry confined space, who is responsible for terminating entries?
If iron bacteria is causing corrosion problems in the filters, what is the best solution?
If iron bacteria is causing corrosion problems in the filters, what is the best solution?
A system that fails to collect water samples in their distribution system would fall under which public notification system?
A system that fails to collect water samples in their distribution system would fall under which public notification system?
Bar screens are used to?
Bar screens are used to?
CTs are based on?
CTs are based on?
For surface water systems without filtration, the Surface Water Treatment Rule requires public water systems to?
For surface water systems without filtration, the Surface Water Treatment Rule requires public water systems to?
Coagulation is a chemical and physical reaction that converts?
Coagulation is a chemical and physical reaction that converts?
What is the MCL for THM's?
What is the MCL for THM's?
What is usually used to disinfect the gravel packing of a groundwater well?
What is usually used to disinfect the gravel packing of a groundwater well?
How often should the fluoride feed system be checked?
How often should the fluoride feed system be checked?
How much carbon is approximately lost during the reactivation process for granular activated carbon?
How much carbon is approximately lost during the reactivation process for granular activated carbon?
Why are polyphosphates used in drinking water?
Why are polyphosphates used in drinking water?
The Colilert test (ONPG-MUG) shows the presence of total coliforms is shown by?
The Colilert test (ONPG-MUG) shows the presence of total coliforms is shown by?
What does it mean when a filter is ripening?
What does it mean when a filter is ripening?
What determines whether or not colloidal-sized particles in suspension repel each other, stay in suspension, or agglomerate and eventually settle?
What determines whether or not colloidal-sized particles in suspension repel each other, stay in suspension, or agglomerate and eventually settle?
What could happen if the sludge in a sedimentation basin becomes too thick?
What could happen if the sludge in a sedimentation basin becomes too thick?
What is the principal form of alkalinity found in raw water from both surface and ground sources?
What is the principal form of alkalinity found in raw water from both surface and ground sources?
What sludge dewatering process requires a pre-coat of diatomaceous earth and its use has declined due to other newer methods?
What sludge dewatering process requires a pre-coat of diatomaceous earth and its use has declined due to other newer methods?
At what temperature does the maximum density of water occur?
At what temperature does the maximum density of water occur?
In a thermally stratified reservoir, water located beneath the thermocline may?
In a thermally stratified reservoir, water located beneath the thermocline may?
Where are samples taken for lead and copper?
Where are samples taken for lead and copper?
Adding CO2 to water will?
Adding CO2 to water will?
The scattering of light by the particles in finished water is from the turbidity caused by?
The scattering of light by the particles in finished water is from the turbidity caused by?
What is the MCL for HAA5s?
What is the MCL for HAA5s?
Pure water can be found?
Pure water can be found?
What is the most probable solution if nematodes are interfering with the disinfectant?
What is the most probable solution if nematodes are interfering with the disinfectant?
Which natural electrical force keeps colloidal particles apart in water treatment?
Which natural electrical force keeps colloidal particles apart in water treatment?
Under the Surface Water Treatment Rule, a multiple barrier treatment consists of?
Under the Surface Water Treatment Rule, a multiple barrier treatment consists of?
Floc is produced when there is a chemical reaction between the coagulant and alkalinity. If the alkalinity of raw water is too low the floc formation will be poor. Some form of alkalinity must be added if the amount that is naturally found in the water source is less than?
Floc is produced when there is a chemical reaction between the coagulant and alkalinity. If the alkalinity of raw water is too low the floc formation will be poor. Some form of alkalinity must be added if the amount that is naturally found in the water source is less than?
If the chlorine demand suddenly increases from 0.4 mg/L to 2.8 mg/L, what could be the reason?
If the chlorine demand suddenly increases from 0.4 mg/L to 2.8 mg/L, what could be the reason?
Alachlor, Lindane, and Toxaphene are examples of?
Alachlor, Lindane, and Toxaphene are examples of?
What zone in a lake or reservoir has weeds that grow underwater that may cause taste & odor complaints?
What zone in a lake or reservoir has weeds that grow underwater that may cause taste & odor complaints?
What is a hypochlorinator used for?
What is a hypochlorinator used for?
The sampling points located for required sampling of natural radionuclides are located?
The sampling points located for required sampling of natural radionuclides are located?
The porous material just above the water table that holds small quantities of water by capillary action is called?
The porous material just above the water table that holds small quantities of water by capillary action is called?
To unclog the head of a chemical feed pump an operator should first?
To unclog the head of a chemical feed pump an operator should first?
A water sample that is acidified must have a final water pH of?
A water sample that is acidified must have a final water pH of?
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Study Notes
Water Treatment and Quality Control
- Potassium Permanganate is effective in removing iron from water.
- A total coliform positive water sample necessitates testing for fecal coliforms (E. coli).
- Drawdown refers to the change in water elevation between normal and pumping levels.
Safety and Regulations
- Use a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) at water plants.
- Tier 1 water violation requires immediate public notification.
- Fusible metal plugs on chlorine containers melt between 158-165°F.
Treatment Processes
- 5% of solids sludge is produced in precipitative softening plants.
- Blue-green algae thrive in nutrient-rich water.
- The loss of chloramine residuals in water systems arises from nitrification and increased heterotrophic bacteria.
Water Chemistry and Testing
- Operators increase the maximum flocculator paddle speed when raw water turbidity is high.
- Chlorine added at 0.3 mg/L increases the residual by the same amount.
- The most frequent tests in drinking water systems include turbidity and coliform bacteria.
Pathogens and Contaminants
- Shellfish from polluted waters can carry infectious hepatitis.
- Coagulant chemicals destabilize colloidal particles, vital for efficient water treatment.
- Giardiasis organism control involves filtration and disinfection methods.
Equipment and Operations
- Venturi meters are commonly used for totalizer measurements in treatment plants.
- To detect chlorine gas leaks, use a 10% ammonia hydroxide solution.
- Adjustments in floc formation issues include modifying coagulation dosage, changing coagulant types, or altering mixing intensity.
Chemical Management and Dosage
- Monitor fluoride feed rates to stay below 1.0 mg/L.
- Maximum density of water is at 4°C.
- Vacuum filters for sludge dewatering require a pre-coat of diatomaceous earth, with diminished use due to newer methods.
Environmental Considerations
- Increasing total dissolved solids prolongs coagulation time; likewise, an increase in DO and pH during daylight hours promotes algae growth.
- Turbidity results from scattered light by silt and clay particles; measuring this is fundamental to assess water clarity and treatment effectiveness.
Safety Standards and Monitoring
- OSHA refers to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration which enforces safety regulations in workplaces, including water treatment facilities.
- For lead and copper testing, samples should be collected at consumer taps.
Innovative Solutions
- Hydrophilic particles attract water molecules ensuring stability, while zeta potential represents the electrical forces keeping colloidal particles separated.
- If nematodes disrupt disinfectant efficacy, optimizing settling processes is advised.
Additional Key Terms
- CT Values must be maintained above minimum levels for effective disinfection under the Surface Water Treatment Rule.
- Air gap separates a water supply outlet from a receiving vessel's flood level, ensuring contamination prevention.
- Coliform testing employs a presumptive method to ascertain the presence of bacteria, indicated by a yellow water color in relevant tests.
These notes provide vital information to effectively understand water treatment processes, safety regulations, and necessary chemical management for water quality and public health.
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