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Questions and Answers
In Texas, water operator licensing is administered by the ________.
In Texas, water operator licensing is administered by the ________.
TCEQ
Which minerals cause hardness in water?
Which minerals cause hardness in water?
Magnesium and Calcium
The most important federal law impacting the water utility industry is the ________.
The most important federal law impacting the water utility industry is the ________.
Safe Drinking Water Act
The four water quality standards established for drinking water in the Safe Drinking Water Act are chemical, bacteriological, radiological and ________.
The four water quality standards established for drinking water in the Safe Drinking Water Act are chemical, bacteriological, radiological and ________.
The minimum allowable pressure in the distribution system under emergency conditions is ________.
The minimum allowable pressure in the distribution system under emergency conditions is ________.
Water vapor given off by plants and trees is known as ________.
Water vapor given off by plants and trees is known as ________.
Organic matter includes ________.
Organic matter includes ________.
The single most important water treatment process is ________.
The single most important water treatment process is ________.
Excessive nitrates in drinking water can cause ________ syndrome in infants.
Excessive nitrates in drinking water can cause ________ syndrome in infants.
A sanitary control easement must cover land within ________ feet of a public water well.
A sanitary control easement must cover land within ________ feet of a public water well.
A sample for physical and chemical analysis of a new well must be taken after ________ hours of continuous pumping.
A sample for physical and chemical analysis of a new well must be taken after ________ hours of continuous pumping.
Chapter 290 Rules and Regulations require chemical analysis of surface water supplies every ________.
Chapter 290 Rules and Regulations require chemical analysis of surface water supplies every ________.
Detention time in sedimentation basins must be at least ________ hours to allow floc to settle.
Detention time in sedimentation basins must be at least ________ hours to allow floc to settle.
Backwashing should expand the filter media by ________ percent.
Backwashing should expand the filter media by ________ percent.
In Texas, all public water systems are required to have ________ facilities.
In Texas, all public water systems are required to have ________ facilities.
The MCL for Trihalomethanes in drinking water is ________.
The MCL for Trihalomethanes in drinking water is ________.
At room temperature, chlorine gas is greenish-yellow, has a pungent odor, and is ________ times heavier than air.
At room temperature, chlorine gas is greenish-yellow, has a pungent odor, and is ________ times heavier than air.
Diseases that may be spread by inadequately disinfected water are ________.
Diseases that may be spread by inadequately disinfected water are ________.
Minimum chlorine residuals of ________ (free) and ________ (combined) are required in the far reaches of the distribution system.
Minimum chlorine residuals of ________ (free) and ________ (combined) are required in the far reaches of the distribution system.
Parameters that affect coagulation are ________.
Parameters that affect coagulation are ________.
Do not work in a trench ________ feet or deeper unless it is protected from a cave-in.
Do not work in a trench ________ feet or deeper unless it is protected from a cave-in.
Place spoil banks at least ________ feet from the edge of an excavation.
Place spoil banks at least ________ feet from the edge of an excavation.
Dose new water mains with a minimum of ________ mg/L or more of chlorine for at least ________ hours.
Dose new water mains with a minimum of ________ mg/L or more of chlorine for at least ________ hours.
One bacteriological sample is required for each ________ of new completed main.
One bacteriological sample is required for each ________ of new completed main.
A cross connection is a physical connection between a public water supply and 1) another supply of unknown or questionable quality, 2) any source that may contain contamination, and 3) any water ________.
A cross connection is a physical connection between a public water supply and 1) another supply of unknown or questionable quality, 2) any source that may contain contamination, and 3) any water ________.
Maximum spacing between ladders in a trench is ________.
Maximum spacing between ladders in a trench is ________.
When should a rapid sand filter be backwashed?
When should a rapid sand filter be backwashed?
A ditch 4 feet wide, 6 feet deep and 1,000 feet long will be excavated. How many cubic yards of pipe bedding will be needed to bed the trench 7 inches deep?
A ditch 4 feet wide, 6 feet deep and 1,000 feet long will be excavated. How many cubic yards of pipe bedding will be needed to bed the trench 7 inches deep?
How many gallons will 5,000 feet of 18 inch water pipe hold?
How many gallons will 5,000 feet of 18 inch water pipe hold?
A tank that has a capacity of 700,000 gallons must be disinfected with a dosage of 50 mg/L of chlorine. How much 65% HTH will it take to achieve the same goal?
A tank that has a capacity of 700,000 gallons must be disinfected with a dosage of 50 mg/L of chlorine. How much 65% HTH will it take to achieve the same goal?
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Study Notes
Water Operator Licensing
- In Texas, water operator licensing is overseen by the TCEQ (Texas Commission on Environmental Quality).
Water Hardness
- Hardness in water is primarily caused by two minerals: magnesium and calcium.
Federal Water Laws
- The Safe Drinking Water Act is the key federal legislation regulating the water utility industry.
Water Quality Standards
- The Safe Drinking Water Act establishes four main water quality standards: chemical, bacteriological, radiological, and physical.
Distribution System Pressure
- The minimum allowed pressure in a water distribution system during emergencies is 20 psi.
Plant Water Vapor
- Water vapor released by plants and trees is referred to as transpiration.
Organic Matter
- Organic matter in water includes components such as wood, dogs, algae, and bacteria.
Water Treatment Processes
- Disinfection is identified as the single most crucial process in water treatment.
Nitrate Risks
- High nitrates in drinking water can lead to blue baby syndrome in infants.
Sanitary Control Easement
- Sanitary control easements must encompass land extending 150 feet around public water wells.
Well Sampling Protocol
- Samples for physical and chemical analysis from new wells should be collected after 36 hours of continuous pumping.
Chemical Analysis Frequency
- Chapter 290 Rules mandate annual chemical analyses for surface water supplies.
Sedimentation Basin Requirements
- Sedimentation basins must allow a minimum detention time of six hours for floc to settle effectively.
Filter Backwashing
- Backwashing filters should expand the filter media by 30% to 50%.
Chlorination Facilities
- All public water systems in Texas are required to have chlorination facilities for water treatment.
Trihalomethanes Standards
- The maximum contaminant level (MCL) for Trihalomethanes in drinking water is set at 0.080 mg/L.
Chlorine Characteristics
- At room temperature, chlorine gas is greenish-yellow and approximately 2.5 times heavier than air.
Waterborne Diseases
- Inadequately disinfected water can spread diseases such as typhoid, cholera, infectious hepatitis, and legionnaires' disease.
Chlorine Residuals
- Minimum chlorine residuals required in the distribution system are 0.2 mg/L for free chlorine and 0.5 mg/L for combined chlorine.
Coagulation Parameters
- Coagulation processes are influenced by turbidity, pH, alkalinity, the type of coagulant used, and its dosage.
Trench Safety Regulations
- Work is prohibited in trenches that are five feet deep or deeper unless they are properly protected from cave-ins.
Excavation Spoil Regulations
- Spoil banks must be placed at least two feet away from the edge of an excavation.
Chlorine Dosage for Water Mains
- New water mains must receive a minimum chlorine dosage of 25 mg/L for 24 hours, or 100 mg/L for 3 hours, or 500 mg/L for half an hour.
Bacteriological Sampling
- One bacteriological sample is required for every 1,000 feet of newly completed water main.
Cross Connection Definition
- A cross connection is a link between a public water supply and another supply of uncertain quality, any potential contamination source, or water treated to a lesser degree.
Ladder Spacing in Trenches
- The maximum distance between ladders in a trench is limited to 50 feet.
Sand Filter Backwashing Criteria
- Rapid sand filters should be backwashed when there is a head loss of 6 to 10 feet, or when filter NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) reaches 1.0 or higher.
Pipe Bedding Calculation
- For a trench measuring 4 feet wide, 6 feet deep, and 1,000 feet long, approximately 86 cubic yards of pipe bedding is necessary for a depth of 7 inches.
Water Pipe Volume Calculation
- An 18-inch water pipe measuring 5,000 feet holds about 66,100 gallons of water.
Tank Disinfection Dosage
- To disinfect a 700,000-gallon tank with a chlorine dosage of 50 mg/L, around 449 pounds of 65% HTH would be required.
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