Introduction to Child Development Theorists
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary effect of positive reinforcement on behavior?

  • It has no effect on behavior.
  • It strengthens behavior. (correct)
  • It completely eliminates the behavior.
  • It weakens behavior.

What is a characteristic of negative punishment?

  • It involves removing a pleasant stimulus. (correct)
  • It involves applying an unpleasant stimulus.
  • It guarantees a behavior will occur.
  • It strengthens behavior.

Which reinforcement schedule provides praise every time a behavior is exhibited?

  • Fixed Ratio
  • Fixed Interval
  • Continuous (correct)
  • Intermittent

What is the expected response to behaviors that produce rewarding consequences?

<p>They are likely to be repeated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of reinforcement schedules, what does 'fixed ratio' refer to?

<p>Praise given at a predetermined number of behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an outcome of using positive punishment?

<p>It leads to a weakening of behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes intermittent reinforcement?

<p>Reinforcement is delivered without a predictable pattern. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does operant conditioning rely on to shape behavior?

<p>A combination of reward and punishment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the founder of studies in child development?

<p>Jean Piaget (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach did Lev Vygotsky advocate in his theories?

<p>Sociocultural approach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory did John Bowlby develop?

<p>Attachment theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did B.F. Skinner introduce to the field of child development?

<p>Operant conditioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Strange Situation' associated with?

<p>Attachment styles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which key concept is associated with Carol Dweck's work?

<p>Growth mindset (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Vygotsky's concept of the ZPD refer to?

<p>Zone of Proximal Development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method did Ivan Pavlov use to explain behavior?

<p>Classical conditioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critique did Piaget have regarding behaviourism?

<p>It is a mechanistic approach that lacks depth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between praise for effort and praise for traits according to the studies mentioned?

<p>Praise for traits promotes a fixed mindset. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did recent studies with parents contribute to the understanding of praise?

<p>They revealed patterns similar to those found in children's responses to praise. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What increases the likelihood of behavior recurring according to Skinner's Operant Learning Theory?

<p>Reinforcement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential to support children's development of a growth mindset?

<p>Focus on relationships and experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major influence of behaviourist theory on practice with children?

<p>Application of rewards and consequences in learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of intermittent reinforcement as discovered by Skinner?

<p>It can lead to behavior persistence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Dweck, what is a potential drawback of praising traits rather than actions?

<p>It can prevent children from developing resilience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's Classical Conditioning theory, what is the unconditioned stimulus?

<p>The food (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines behaviorism as per its fundamental concept?

<p>An association develops between a stimulus and a response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect might praise for effort have on a child's belief system?

<p>It can promote a growth mindset. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of reinforcement mentioned in Skinner's Operant Conditioning?

<p>Isolation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect do critics of behaviourism believe is overlooked in its approach?

<p>The role of social relationships in learning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist is associated with the theory of Operant Conditioning?

<p>B.F. Skinner (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves increasing the frequency of a behavior through punishment?

<p>Negative reinforcement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a main observation from Pavlov's experiments with dogs?

<p>Dogs can be conditioned to respond to stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle is associated with Thorndike's learning theory?

<p>Law of Effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Watson believe regarding children's learning abilities?

<p>Conditioning can account for everything in learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept best describes Skinner's approach to learning?

<p>Shaping behavior through reinforcers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon suggests that attractive children are perceived as more intelligent?

<p>Halo Effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does systematic desensitization aim to treat?

<p>Phobias and anxiety disorders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thorndike's trials and errors led to the development of which key concept?

<p>Trial-and-error learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Watson's view differ from Skinner's regarding children's learning?

<p>Watson endorsed passive learning, while Skinner supported active learning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What main idea connects Watson and Skinner’s theories?

<p>Conditioning is the key process in learning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process when a dog salivates in response to a bell after repeated pairings with food?

<p>Conditioned response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the extinction phase of classical conditioning?

<p>The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a scenario of generalization in Pavlov's classical conditioning?

<p>The dog salivates to similar sounding bells of different pitches. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the experiment with Little Albert, what was the primary goal of Watson's conditioning?

<p>To induce fear of a specific animal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Watson’s Little Peter experiment differ from Little Albert's conditioning?

<p>It involved reinforcing a positive response instead of creating fear. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Conditioned Response

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (like a bell) that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (like food).

Extinction

When a conditioned response is weakened or disappears because the conditioned stimulus (bell) is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus (food).

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.

Classical Conditioning

Learning through association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. It focuses on involuntary behaviors.

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Generalization

A process where a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus (bell).

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Behaviorism

A psychological approach that emphasizes the role of observable behaviors and their relationship with environmental stimuli.

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Ivan Pavlov

The researcher who conducted the famous experiment involving dogs, using a bell as a neutral stimulus to elicit salivation.

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John Watson

The proponent of 'Little Albert' experiment, demonstrating that fear can be classically conditioned.

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Operant Conditioning

A learning process where behaviors are strengthened or weakened by the consequences they follow.

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B.F. Skinner

A prominent psychologist known for his work on operant conditioning, using the concept of reinforcement and punishment.

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Growth Mindset

A belief system that emphasizes the malleability of abilities and the potential for growth through effort.

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Thorndike's Law of Effect

Edward Thorndike believed that learning occurs through trial and error, where successful actions are reinforced and repeated.

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Watson's Theory of Behaviorism

John B. Watson was a famous psychologist who believed that children could be trained into any type of specialist, regardless of their natural abilities.

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Positive Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior by providing a reward or pleasant stimulus after it occurs.

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Halo Effect

The Halo Effect is a cognitive bias where our perception of a person's characteristics is influenced by our overall impression of them. For example, attractive children are often perceived as more intelligent.

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Carol Dweck

A psychologist known for her research on the impact of mindsets on learning and achievement.

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Negative Reinforcement

Negative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus after it occurs.

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Difference between Operant and Classical Conditioning

Operant conditioning focuses on shaping behavior through rewards and punishments. This is different from classical conditioning, which is about associating existing stimuli.

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Reinforcer

A consequence that makes a behaviour more likely to occur again in the future. It can be a reward (positive) or a removal of something unpleasant (negative).

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Punishment

A consequence that makes a behaviour less likely to occur again in the future. It can be the addition of something unpleasant (positive) or the removal of something pleasant (negative).

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Continuous Reinforcement

A reward given every time a desired behaviour occurs.

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Fixed Ratio Reinforcement

A reward given after a fixed number of desired behaviours. For example, praise after every 4th time a child completes a task.

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Fixed Interval Reinforcement

A reward given after a set amount of time has passed, regardless of how many times the desired behaviour occurred. For example, praise every 10 minutes for completing a task.

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Intermittent/Variable Reinforcement

A reward given at unpredictable intervals, making the behaviour more likely to persist. Praise after every 1st/5th/9th time etc.

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Behavior Shaping

The process of using reinforcement and punishment to shape an individual's behavior over time.

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Operant Learning Theory

A theory suggesting that the likelihood of a behavior occurring again is increased by reinforcement and decreased by punishment. This theory is widely used to understand and modify behavior.

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Reinforcement

The process of strengthening a behavior by following it with a positive consequence, such as a treat or a praise.

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Intermittent Reinforcement

Presenting reinforcement intermittently (sometimes) rather than consistently after a behavior. This method can be more powerful in maintaining a behavior, making it more resistant to extinction.

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Active Learning Theory

The process of learning through active engagement with the environment. This type of learning involves observing, trying, and experiencing the consequences of actions.

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Meaningless Strings and Circus Tricks

A critique of Behaviorism, suggesting that it reduces learning to a mechanical process of repetition and lacks focus on understanding, relationships, or individual experiences.

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Cognitive Theory

A learning theory that emphasizes the role of internal mental processes, such as thinking, problem-solving, and understanding, in learning. It argues that learning is not simply a response to stimuli, but an active process of constructing knowledge.

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Fixed vs. Growth Mindsets

Dweck's theory suggests that individuals hold either a fixed or growth mindset. A fixed mindset believes abilities are innate and unchanging, while a growth mindset embraces that abilities can be developed through effort and learning.

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Praise for Traits

Praise that focuses on a person's innate qualities or characteristics, such as intelligence or talent.

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Praise for Effort and Actions

Praise that focuses on a person's effort, actions, or strategies used to accomplish a task.

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Growth Mindset in Education

A learning approach that encourages students to take ownership of their learning, set goals, monitor their progress, and seek feedback. It emphasizes the importance of self-reflection and metacognition.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Child Development Theorists

  • Key theorists in child development are presented, including their approaches and ideas.

Key Theorists

  • Jean Piaget: Seen as a founder of child psychology studies, focusing on how culture, language, and the zone of proximal development (ZPD) shape development.
  • Lev Vygotsky: His sociocultural approach investigated how culture, language, and ZPD shape development. Bowlby believed that innate tendencies for being carers and caring for children shape development.
  • Mary Ainsworth: Developed attachment theory and the 'Strange Situation' paradigm.
  • Usha Goswami: Director of the Centre for Neuroscience in Education at the University of Cambridge.
  • B.F. Skinner: An advocate for behaviourism, studying learning and how behaviour is shaped by conditioning, positive and negative reinforcers.

Learning Theories: Behaviourism

  • Behaviourism focuses on how learning affects behaviour. The theory suggests that behaviour is shaped by positive and negative consequences.

  • Classical Conditioning (Pavlov): A stimulus is associated with a response, demonstrated in experiments with dogs and salivation.

  • Operant Conditioning (Skinner): Learned behaviour is reinforced positively or negatively.

  • Thorndike's Trial and Error Learning: Learning through trial and error, shaped by reinforcement.

  • Watson and Behaviourism: Watson applied classical conditioning to children, exploring how fear is induced or reduced. Used "Little Albert" and developed the concept of systematic desensitization.

Further Concepts of Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

  • Generalization: Pavlov observed that the dogs responded to similar stimuli, like different bell tones.
  • Extinction: The conditioned response weakened when the conditioned stimulus was presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
  • Spontaneous Recovery: The re-emergence of the conditioned response after extinction, indicating it wasn't forgotten but suppressed.

Reinforcement Schedules

  • Continuous reinforcement: Behavior is rewarded every time.
  • Fixed ratio reinforcement: Behavior is rewarded after a set number of responses.
  • Fixed interval reinforcement: Behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time.
  • Intermittent/variable reinforcement: Behavior is rewarded after various number of trials or times.

Critiques of Behaviourism

  • Piaget criticized behaviourism for its mechanistic and impersonal nature, saying it didn't account for children's complex understanding.
  • Lindon (2012) suggested the approach is mechanistic and fails to recognise the importance of relationships and consequences.

Using Praise — Is it Always Effective?

  • Research with children show that praise for effort and actions versus traits forms different belief systems.

Carol Dweck's Studies

  • A mindset study that shows children’s beliefs about their traits affect how they develop, focusing motivation, and ability.

How Could Young Children Be Supported to Develop A Growth Mindset?

  • Emphasising effort and persistence rather than focusing on innate abilities fosters a growth mindset.

Summary of Session

  • The presentation outlines behaviourism theories, evidence understanding of theories relevant to key aspects of human development, and evaluation of behaviourism's implications for children and families.

Bibliography

  • Information on the work of various experts and researchers in the area of behaviourism and child development.

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Behaviourism ACD Past Paper Oct 2022 PDF

Description

Explore key theories and influential figures in child development in this quiz. Learn about the contributions of theorists such as Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, and Mary Ainsworth. Test your knowledge on their approaches to understanding how children grow and learn.

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