Introduction to Child Development Theorists
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary effect of positive reinforcement on behavior?

  • It has no effect on behavior.
  • It strengthens behavior. (correct)
  • It completely eliminates the behavior.
  • It weakens behavior.

    • What is a characteristic of negative punishment?

  • It involves removing a pleasant stimulus. (correct)
  • It involves applying an unpleasant stimulus.
  • It guarantees a behavior will occur.
  • It strengthens behavior.

    • Which reinforcement schedule provides praise every time a behavior is exhibited?

  • Fixed Ratio
  • Fixed Interval
  • Continuous (correct)
  • Intermittent

    • What is the expected response to behaviors that produce rewarding consequences?

    <p>They are likely to be repeated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of reinforcement schedules, what does 'fixed ratio' refer to?

    <p>Praise given at a predetermined number of behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an outcome of using positive punishment?

    <p>It leads to a weakening of behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes intermittent reinforcement?

    <p>Reinforcement is delivered without a predictable pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does operant conditioning rely on to shape behavior?

    <p>A combination of reward and punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the founder of studies in child development?

    <p>Jean Piaget</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach did Lev Vygotsky advocate in his theories?

    <p>Sociocultural approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory did John Bowlby develop?

    <p>Attachment theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did B.F. Skinner introduce to the field of child development?

    <p>Operant conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'Strange Situation' associated with?

    <p>Attachment styles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key concept is associated with Carol Dweck's work?

    <p>Growth mindset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Vygotsky's concept of the ZPD refer to?

    <p>Zone of Proximal Development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method did Ivan Pavlov use to explain behavior?

    <p>Classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critique did Piaget have regarding behaviourism?

    <p>It is a mechanistic approach that lacks depth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between praise for effort and praise for traits according to the studies mentioned?

    <p>Praise for traits promotes a fixed mindset.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did recent studies with parents contribute to the understanding of praise?

    <p>They revealed patterns similar to those found in children's responses to praise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases the likelihood of behavior recurring according to Skinner's Operant Learning Theory?

    <p>Reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential to support children's development of a growth mindset?

    <p>Focus on relationships and experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major influence of behaviourist theory on practice with children?

    <p>Application of rewards and consequences in learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of intermittent reinforcement as discovered by Skinner?

    <p>It can lead to behavior persistence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Dweck, what is a potential drawback of praising traits rather than actions?

    <p>It can prevent children from developing resilience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Pavlov's Classical Conditioning theory, what is the unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>The food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines behaviorism as per its fundamental concept?

    <p>An association develops between a stimulus and a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect might praise for effort have on a child's belief system?

    <p>It can promote a growth mindset.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of reinforcement mentioned in Skinner's Operant Conditioning?

    <p>Isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key aspect do critics of behaviourism believe is overlooked in its approach?

    <p>The role of social relationships in learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologist is associated with the theory of Operant Conditioning?

    <p>B.F. Skinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves increasing the frequency of a behavior through punishment?

    <p>Negative reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a main observation from Pavlov's experiments with dogs?

    <p>Dogs can be conditioned to respond to stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle is associated with Thorndike's learning theory?

    <p>Law of Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Watson believe regarding children's learning abilities?

    <p>Conditioning can account for everything in learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept best describes Skinner's approach to learning?

    <p>Shaping behavior through reinforcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon suggests that attractive children are perceived as more intelligent?

    <p>Halo Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does systematic desensitization aim to treat?

    <p>Phobias and anxiety disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thorndike's trials and errors led to the development of which key concept?

    <p>Trial-and-error learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Watson's view differ from Skinner's regarding children's learning?

    <p>Watson endorsed passive learning, while Skinner supported active learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main idea connects Watson and Skinner’s theories?

    <p>Conditioning is the key process in learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the process when a dog salivates in response to a bell after repeated pairings with food?

    <p>Conditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the extinction phase of classical conditioning?

    <p>The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a scenario of generalization in Pavlov's classical conditioning?

    <p>The dog salivates to similar sounding bells of different pitches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the experiment with Little Albert, what was the primary goal of Watson's conditioning?

    <p>To induce fear of a specific animal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Watson’s Little Peter experiment differ from Little Albert's conditioning?

    <p>It involved reinforcing a positive response instead of creating fear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Child Development Theorists

    • Key theorists in child development are presented, including their approaches and ideas.

    Key Theorists

    • Jean Piaget: Seen as a founder of child psychology studies, focusing on how culture, language, and the zone of proximal development (ZPD) shape development.
    • Lev Vygotsky: His sociocultural approach investigated how culture, language, and ZPD shape development. Bowlby believed that innate tendencies for being carers and caring for children shape development.
    • Mary Ainsworth: Developed attachment theory and the 'Strange Situation' paradigm.
    • Usha Goswami: Director of the Centre for Neuroscience in Education at the University of Cambridge.
    • B.F. Skinner: An advocate for behaviourism, studying learning and how behaviour is shaped by conditioning, positive and negative reinforcers.

    Learning Theories: Behaviourism

    • Behaviourism focuses on how learning affects behaviour. The theory suggests that behaviour is shaped by positive and negative consequences.

    • Classical Conditioning (Pavlov): A stimulus is associated with a response, demonstrated in experiments with dogs and salivation.

    • Operant Conditioning (Skinner): Learned behaviour is reinforced positively or negatively.

    • Thorndike's Trial and Error Learning: Learning through trial and error, shaped by reinforcement.

    • Watson and Behaviourism: Watson applied classical conditioning to children, exploring how fear is induced or reduced. Used "Little Albert" and developed the concept of systematic desensitization.

    Further Concepts of Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

    • Generalization: Pavlov observed that the dogs responded to similar stimuli, like different bell tones.
    • Extinction: The conditioned response weakened when the conditioned stimulus was presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
    • Spontaneous Recovery: The re-emergence of the conditioned response after extinction, indicating it wasn't forgotten but suppressed.

    Reinforcement Schedules

    • Continuous reinforcement: Behavior is rewarded every time.
    • Fixed ratio reinforcement: Behavior is rewarded after a set number of responses.
    • Fixed interval reinforcement: Behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time.
    • Intermittent/variable reinforcement: Behavior is rewarded after various number of trials or times.

    Critiques of Behaviourism

    • Piaget criticized behaviourism for its mechanistic and impersonal nature, saying it didn't account for children's complex understanding.
    • Lindon (2012) suggested the approach is mechanistic and fails to recognise the importance of relationships and consequences.

    Using Praise — Is it Always Effective?

    • Research with children show that praise for effort and actions versus traits forms different belief systems.

    Carol Dweck's Studies

    • A mindset study that shows children’s beliefs about their traits affect how they develop, focusing motivation, and ability.

    How Could Young Children Be Supported to Develop A Growth Mindset?

    • Emphasising effort and persistence rather than focusing on innate abilities fosters a growth mindset.

    Summary of Session

    • The presentation outlines behaviourism theories, evidence understanding of theories relevant to key aspects of human development, and evaluation of behaviourism's implications for children and families.

    Bibliography

    • Information on the work of various experts and researchers in the area of behaviourism and child development.

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    Related Documents

    Behaviourism ACD Past Paper Oct 2022 PDF

    Description

    Explore key theories and influential figures in child development in this quiz. Learn about the contributions of theorists such as Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, and Mary Ainsworth. Test your knowledge on their approaches to understanding how children grow and learn.

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