Psychology Chapter: Early Attachment & Theories
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Questions and Answers

What are the potential consequences of prolonged deprivation in infants?

  • Risk for physical, psychological, and social problems (correct)
  • Enhanced language development
  • Improved brain serotonin levels
  • Increased social skills

    • Which attachment style is characterized by an infant becoming upset when the mother leaves and seeking closeness upon her return, then squirming away?

  • Disorganized attachment
  • Anxious/avoidant attachment
  • Secure attachment
  • Anxious/ambivalent attachment (correct)

    • What is a defining characteristic of authoritative parenting?

  • Encouraging open discussion and allowing exceptions (correct)
  • Being uninvolved and inattentive
  • Imposing strict rules without exception
  • Making few demands and using little punishment

    • At what age range is preconventional morality typically observed?

    <p>Birth to 9 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect on children raised in institutions with inadequate care?

    <p>They show stiffening when picked up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is described as coercive and demanding obedience from children?

    <p>Authoritarian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive change begins to occur during adolescence?

    <p>Development of reasoning power and self-criticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of moral reasoning is characteristic of postconventional morality?

    <p>It affirms abstract principles above societal rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Harlow's study primarily emphasize about infant development?

    <p>Contact comfort and social support are critical for development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Lorenz's theory of imprinting differ from attachment processes in infants?

    <p>Imprinting involves following the first moving object seen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of attachment is characterized by a child displaying panic upon departure and mixed feelings upon return?

    <p>Insecure anxious attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about secure attachment is true?

    <p>Children with secure attachment explore freely when the caregiver is present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely consequence of early maternal deprivation according to the content?

    <p>Withdrawal and inability to develop speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome did Harlow's study reveal about the monkey's behavior after experiencing anxiety due to the removal of the terry cloth mother?

    <p>They experienced anxiety and distress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'contact comfort' refer to in the context of attachment?

    <p>The physical closeness that enhances attachment between caregiver and infant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Harlow's conclusion about the primary needs of infants in relation to attachment?

    <p>Infants thrive best when close physical contact is present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Harlow's study teach us about infant attachment?

    <p>Comfort and affection are critical for development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Imprinting can be reversed once it occurs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of contact comfort?

    <p>The innate pleasure experienced by an infant and caregiver from skin-to-skin contact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insecure anxious attachment reacts to departure with __________ and responds with a __________ reaction upon return.

    <p>panic; mixed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of attachment is characterized by indifference towards the caregiver when leaving and returning?

    <p>Insecure avoidant attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of attachment style with its description:

    <p>Secure attachment = Explores when caregiver is present, distressed when they leave Insecure avoidant attachment = Indifferent to caregiver's presence Insecure anxious attachment = Panic upon departure, mixed reaction upon return Deprivation attachment = Withdrawn, frightened, inability to develop speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Early maternal deprivation does not significantly change a child's behavior if they receive adequate care before six months.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does prolonged neglect have on the brain of a child?

    <p>The child's brain becomes smaller and shows deeper sulci.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attachment style results in a child displaying mixed feelings of closeness and resistance upon a parent's return?

    <p>Anxious/Ambivalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Authoritative parenting does not encourage open discussion with older children.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main groups identified by the Strange Situation for attachment styles?

    <p>Secure, Anxious/Ambivalent, Anxious/Avoidant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infants tend to cry the most when their mothers leave around _____ months.

    <p>13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parenting styles with their descriptions:

    <p>Authoritarian = Imposes rules and expects obedience Permissive = Makes few demands and sets few limits Negligent = Uninvolved and inattentive Authoritative = Responsive and encourages open discussion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes conventional morality?

    <p>Understanding societal rules and laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children raised in institutions with inadequate care often display strong language skills.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is selective pruning and during which developmental stage does it occur?

    <p>Selective pruning is the process of eliminating unused neural connections, occurring during adolescence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is characterized by being unrestraining and making few demands?

    <p>Permissive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anxiety and ambivalence in attachment styles indicate a secure attachment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of moral reasoning during the conventional morality stage?

    <p>Understanding society rules and laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The percentage of infants who cry when their mothers leave peaks around _____ months.

    <p>13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Harlow's study on attachment?

    <p>The bond between a cloth mother and a wire mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following attachment styles with their descriptions:

    <p>Secure = Children feel safe and explore their environment Anxious/Ambivalent = Children are upset when caregiver leaves and seek closeness but push away when they return Anxious/Avoidant = Children avoid the caregiver and show little emotional response Disorganized = Children display confused behavior and lack a clear attachment strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Imprinting can be reversed once it occurs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of parenting style involves being demanding yet responsive?

    <p>Authoritative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of attachment is characterized by a child being indifferent to the caregiver upon departure and return?

    <p>insecure avoidant attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Preconventional morality is mostly observed from birth to age 9.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological issues are commonly observed in children raised in institutions with inadequate care?

    <p>Diminished language skills, lack of attachment, and increased susceptibility to infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Harlow's study highlighted that comfort is essential for development, indicating that infants prioritize ______ over food.

    <p>affection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following attachment styles with their characteristics:

    <p>Secure attachment = Explores when caregiver present, distressed when they leave Insecure anxious attachment = Panic upon departure, mixed reaction upon return Insecure avoidant attachment = Indifferent when caregiver leaves and returns Insecure attachment = Clings to caregiver, difficulty being separated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does early maternal deprivation have on children?

    <p>Behavioral withdrawal and lack of speech development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secure attachment results from relaxed and attentive caregiving.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does deprivation last in humans before it can deeply affect behavior?

    <p>six months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the placenta during pregnancy?

    <p>Providing nutrients and oxygen to the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Teratogens are completely harmless to the developing fetus if exposure is limited.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which trimester is the risk of defects from rubella highest?

    <p>1st</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a serious condition caused by __________ during pregnancy.

    <p>alcohol consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the maternal disease or substance with its associated effect:

    <p>Rubella = Blindness and cardiac abnormalities Toxoplasmosis = Infection from cat feces Thalidomide = Deformed limbs and organs FAS = Cognitive impairments and facial deformities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major developmental change occurs in the fetus during the 2nd trimester?

    <p>Skeleton hardening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Environmental influences have no effect on fetuses during development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes agents that can harm the fetus during pregnancy?

    <p>teratogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point does a zygote consist of approximately 100 cells?

    <p>At about 14 days after conception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The placenta is formed solely from the embryo's tissues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What develops from the chorion during prenatal development?

    <p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ sac surrounds the developing embryo and provides protection.

    <p>amniotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage does the growth of the head take precedence over the growth of the body?

    <p>Period of the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Zygote = Fertilized egg composed of about 100 cells Blastocyst = Cluster of divided cells that implants in the uterus Placenta = Organ providing respiration and nourishment to the embryo Amniotic sac = Protective fluid-filled sac around the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Teratogens can negatively impact the development of the embryo and fetus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three germ layers that develop during the embryonic stage?

    <p>Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age of viability outside of the body during pregnancy?

    <p>22-28 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which teratogen is most dangerous during the first trimester of pregnancy?

    <p>Rubella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental activity begins in the third trimester?

    <p>Kicking and thumb sucking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vernix, and why is it important for the fetus?

    <p>A protective substance for fetal skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does maternal nutrition impact fetal development?

    <p>It influences growth and organ development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of exposure to higher doses of teratogens during pregnancy?

    <p>It can lead to significant developmental issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the excretory system in the developing fetus during pregnancy?

    <p>To facilitate waste removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is true?

    <p>It is completely preventable if alcohol is avoided during pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the placenta during pregnancy?

    <p>To provide respiration, nourishment, and waste removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does a zygote become an embryo?

    <p>Exactly 14 days after fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell layer is responsible for developing the nervous system, skin, and hair?

    <p>Ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical development takes precedence during the embryonic period?

    <p>Growth of head over body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the amniotic sac primarily provide for the developing embryo?

    <p>Protection against physical impacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs after the first sperm penetrates the egg?

    <p>The egg becomes impenetrable to additional sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major development happens during the second month of gestation?

    <p>Emergence of facial features and separation of limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the chorion in prenatal development?

    <p>It develops into the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'nature' refer to in the context of human behavior?

    <p>The biology and genetic makeup of a person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is heredity mainly concerned with?

    <p>The genetic transfer from parent to child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of twins share the same genetic material because they come from a single egg?

    <p>Identical twins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of chromosomes do humans typically have?

    <p>23 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately represents the concept of the genome?

    <p>It is the complete set of genetic material in an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When studying identical twins raised in different environments, which aspect is being compared?

    <p>The influence of genetic similarities vs. environmental differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether genes are expressed or repressed?

    <p>Environmental conditions and stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a zygote?

    <p>A fertilized egg that has divided</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'nurture' refer to in the context of human development?

    <p>Environmental influences and life experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a zygote?

    <p>A fertilized egg that has not yet divided</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about chromosomes is true?

    <p>Each human has 23 pairs of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are identical twins formed?

    <p>From one egg that splits into two after fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do genes play in human development?

    <p>They are the basic units of heredity that influence various traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of twin studies in understanding human behavior?

    <p>To analyze genetic versus environmental influences on behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of twins arises from two separate fertilization events?

    <p>Dizygotic twins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about individuals raised in different environments who share identical genes?

    <p>They will have similar physiological responses despite environmental differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'nurture' refer to in the context of human behavior?

    <p>Environmental factors and experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding identical and fraternal twins?

    <p>Identical twins are genetically identical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the human genome?

    <p>It serves as a complete set of instructions for creating an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chromosomes do humans have when describing their genetic makeup?

    <p>23 pairs of chromosomes with one from each parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might studying separated identical twins provide insight into the nature vs. nurture debate?

    <p>They have identical genetic profiles but different upbringings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are genes primarily responsible for in human biology?

    <p>Providing biochemical units of heredity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a zygote?

    <p>A fertilized egg that has begun dividing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes fraternal twins from identical twins?

    <p>Fraternal twins are created from two separate fertilized eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'nature' specifically refer to in the context of human behavior?

    <p>The biological aspects of a person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are identical twins referred to as in genetic terminology?

    <p>Monozygotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a person’s behavior is influenced primarily by their biology, they are said to be mostly affected by which factor?

    <p>Heredity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of chromosomes do humans inherit from their parents?

    <p>23 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'genome' in biological contexts?

    <p>The complete set of genetic material in an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes fraternal twins from identical twins genetically?

    <p>Fraternal twins come from two fertilized eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of genes in relation to chromosomes?

    <p>Genes are the building blocks that make up chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition applies to traits observed in separated identical twins that suggest a blend of nature and nurture?

    <p>Some similarities despite differing home environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the egg once a sperm successfully penetrates it?

    <p>It becomes impenetrable to other sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period does the zygote travel down the fallopian tube?

    <p>The germinal period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the placenta?

    <p>To provide respiration, nourishment, and waste removal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the amniotic sac is true?

    <p>It surrounds and protects the developing embryo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily develops from the ectoderm during the embryonic period?

    <p>Nervous system and skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does the zygote typically implant into the uterus?

    <p>After approximately 10 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two structures are primarily involved in connecting the embryo to the placenta?

    <p>Chorion and umbilical cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurs in the embryo around the end of the second month of development?

    <p>Facial features become distinct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the first trimester of fetal development?

    <p>All major structures are formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental milestone can typically be observed during the second trimester?

    <p>The mother can hear the heartbeat with a stethoscope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the age of viability for a fetus?

    <p>24 to 28 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor associated with maternal rubella during pregnancy?

    <p>Birth defects such as blindness and deafness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following teratogens is known to cause severe limb deformities in fetuses?

    <p>Thalidomide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of maternal health can influence fetal development?

    <p>Maternal characteristics such as nutrition and emotional well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does maternal exposure to teratogens during sensitive periods have on fetal development?

    <p>It can lead to severe damage to developing structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vernix and lanugo serve what purpose during fetal development?

    <p>Protection of the skin in a water-filled environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the fetal development period at 9 weeks?

    <p>The fetus has formed male genitalia due to testosterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which trimester does the skeleton start to harden and can be observed via ultrasound?

    <p>Second trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are teratogens and their effects on fetal development?

    <p>Agents that can harm the fetus depending on exposure levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of babies born to mothers with rubella in the first trimester have birth defects?

    <p>60-85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age range does the age of viability outside the womb begin?

    <p>22-28 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Thalidomide on fetal development?

    <p>It leads to conditions like flipper-like limbs and missing limbs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does vernix serve for the developing fetus?

    <p>It acts as a protective layer for the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which maternal characteristic can impact fetal development?

    <p>Maternal age and emotional well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the egg change immediately after a sperm penetrates it?

    <p>The egg becomes impenetrable to other sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the placenta during prenatal development?

    <p>To provide respiration, nourishment, and waste removal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure connects the embryo to the placenta?

    <p>The umbilical cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does the zygote typically implant into the uterus?

    <p>10 days after fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell layers develop during the period of the embryo?

    <p>Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the developing embryo during weeks 3 to 8?

    <p>The head grows faster than the rest of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with improper closure of the neural tube during development?

    <p>Spina bifida.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take for the fertilized egg to travel down the fallopian tube?

    <p>2 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Early Attachment

    • Early attachments are crucial for a child's health and well-being.
    • These attachments form the foundation for strong, well-adjusted individuals.

    Theories of Attachment

    • Harlow's Monkey Experiment: Showed that infant development is not just about nourishment. Monkeys preferred a cloth mother over a wire mother with food, showing the importance of comfort and affection.
    • Contact Comfort: Close contact, particularly skin-on-skin, plays a significant role in developing attachment.
    • Lorenz's Imprinting: Imprinting is a form of rapid learning that occurs in certain animals during a critical period. Goslings imprinted on the first moving object they saw, demonstrating a survival instinct to stay close to a caregiver.

    Attachment Styles

    • Secure Attachment: Infants who form secure attachments explore their environment when their caregiver is present, show distress when the caregiver leaves, and are comforted upon the caregiver's return.
    • Insecure Attachment: Infants with insecure attachments may cling to their caregiver, avoid them, or exhibit mixed reactions upon their return.
    • Insecure Avoidant Attachment: These infants show indifference upon the caregiver's departure and return.
    • Insecure Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment: These infants exhibit significant distress upon the caregiver's departure and show mixed reactions on their return.

    Deprivation

    • Early maternal deprivation, especially in the first 60 days (6 months for humans), can have lasting effects on development.
    • Prolonged deprivation leads to:
      • Withdrawn and frightened behavior.
      • Difficulty developing speech.
      • Smaller brains with altered brain structure.
      • Increased risk of physical, psychological, and social problems.

    Romanian Orphanages

    • Orphanages with inadequate care, such as those in Romania during the 1980s, often resulted in severe developmental problems due to the lack of attachment.
    • Children in these institutions:
      • Were unable to develop healthy attachments.
      • Had diminished language skills.
      • Rarely cried and stiffened when picked up.
      • Were susceptible to infections.
      • Suffered from brain abnormalities.

    Attachment and Crying

    • The percentage of infants who cry when their mothers leave peaks around 13 months of age.

    Attachment Styles: The Strange Situation

    • The Strange Situation test revealed four attachment styles:
      • Secure
      • Anxious/Ambivalent
      • Anxious/Avoidant
      • Disorganized/Disoriented

    Parenting Styles

    • Authoritarian: Parents are demanding, controlling, and expect obedience.
    • Permissive: Parents are lenient, make few demands, and set few limits.
    • Neglectful: Parents are uninvolved, unresponsive, and careless.
    • Authoritative: Parents are demanding, responsive, and exert control through rules while also encouraging open discussion and exceptions.

    Adolescence

    • Adolescence is a transitional period between childhood and adulthood.
    • Brain development continues, including selective pruning of neural connections and cognitive development.
    • Adolescents begin to think about the perspectives of others and develop moral reasoning.

    Moral Reasoning

    • Preconventional Morality (birth to 9 years): Focuses on self-interest and avoiding punishment.
    • Conventional Morality (early adolescence to adulthood): Emphasizes societal rules and conformity.
    • Postconventional Morality: Involves independent judgment and principles of justice.

    Attachment

    • Early attachments are essential for health and well-being, leading to the development of strong and well-adjusted individuals.

    • Harlow's monkey experiment highlighted the importance of social support and comfort over nourishment in infant development. Monkeys chose the cloth mother over the wire mother, suggesting that infant development extends beyond basic needs.

    • Contact comfort is believed to be crucial in developing attachment. Skin-to-skin contact provides innate pleasure for both infant and caregiver and forms the foundation of the infant's first attachment.

    • Lorenz's imprinting study with geese demonstrated that imprinting, a form of early learning, occurs when an infant follows the first moving object it sees. This imprinting process is irreversible and serves as a survival impulse to keep infants close to caregivers.

    • Types of attachment:

      • Secure attachment: Infants explore when the caregiver is present and become distressed when the caregiver leaves. They easily comfort when the caregiver returns. About 60% of infants exhibit secure attachment.
      • Insecure attachment:
        • Insecure-avoidant attachment: Infants show indifference to the caregiver's departure and return.
        • Insecure-anxious attachment: Infants show panic when the caregiver leaves and a mixed reaction upon return.
      • Disorganized/disoriented attachment: A fourth category later added, often associated with inconsistent or unpredictable caregivers.

    • Secure attachment is fostered by relaxed and attentive caregiving.

    • The impact of early maternal deprivation:

      • Deprivation lasting beyond 60 days (6 months for humans) can have lasting negative effects on behavior, brain development, and overall well-being.
      • Deprivation can lead to withdrawal, fear, stunted speech development, and a smaller brain with an impacted surface affecting cognitive function.
      • Prolonged deprivation poses risks of physical, psychological, and social problems, even impacting serotonin levels in the brain.

    • Romanian orphanages:

      • The neglectful environment in institutions with limited caregiving led to a high prevalence of attachment issues, developmental delays, and physical health problems. Children in these institutions often showed lowered language skills, lack of crying, and physical stiffness.
      • While brain damage was observed in children from these institutions, those placed in loving foster homes displayed potential for brain rewiring and improvement in development.

    • Crying in infants: The frequency of crying reaches a peak around 13 months of age.

    • Attachment styles: Based on the "Strange Situation" experiment, attachment styles can be categorized into secure, anxious/ambivalent, anxious/avoidant, and disorganized/disoriented.

    Parenting styles

    • Authoritarian: Parents are coercive, demanding obedience without much explanation.

    • Permissive: Parents are unrestraining, make few demands, set lax limits, and use minimal punishments.

    • Neglectful: Parents are uninvolved, neither demanding nor responsive, and display careless and inattentive behavior.

    • Authoritative: Parents are confrontive, demanding, and responsive, setting rules and encouraging open discussion with older children.

    Adolescence

    • Adolescence marks the transition between childhood and adulthood.

    • Brain development: Selective pruning occurs, but cognitive development continues throughout life.

    • Social cognition: Adolescents start thinking about the views and thoughts of others, including how they are perceived. They may also engage in self-criticism and questioning of social norms.

    • Moral Reasoning: It is a personal decision-making process.

    • Stages of moral reasoning:

      • Preconventional morality (birth to 9): Moral judgment is based on punishments and rewards.
      • Conventional morality (early adolescence to adulthood): Moral judgments align with social rules and laws.
      • Postconventional morality: Moral judgments are based on abstract principles and personal values.

    Attachment

    • Early attachment is crucial for healthy development and well-being.
    • Harlow's monkey experiment illustrated the importance of social support (comfort and affection) over mere nourishment.
    • Contact comfort, like skin-to-skin contact, is believed to be essential for developing attachment.
    • Imprinting, studied by Lorenz, suggests infants may imprint on the first moving object they see, creating a strong bond.
    • Secure attachment is characterized by:
      • Exploration in the presence of the caregiver.
      • Distress when the caregiver leaves.
      • Seeking comfort upon the caregiver's return.
    • Secure attachment results from relaxed and attentive caregiving.
    • Insecure attachment can manifest in different ways:
      • Insecure-avoidant: Indifference to caregiver's departure and return.
      • Insecure-anxious: Panic upon departure and mixed reactions upon return.
    • Maternal deprivation, lasting beyond 60 days in infants and 6 months in humans, can have lasting detrimental effects on development.
    • Deprivation can lead to:
      • Withdrawn behavior.
      • Fear.
      • Speech difficulties.
      • Brain abnormalities, including smaller size, deeper sulci, and altered serotonin levels.

    Romanian Orphanages

    • Orphanages with inadequate caregiving, like those in Romania during the communist regime, resulted in severe developmental issues.
    • Children in these institutions showed:
      • Diminished language skills.
      • Reduced crying.
      • Stiffening when picked up.
      • Appearance of forlornness.
      • Increased susceptibility to infection.
      • Higher mortality rates.
    • Brain imaging reveals significant white matter damage in these children.
    • However, children who were placed in loving foster homes were able to regrow white matter and improve their cognitive abilities.
    • Infants' crying peaks around 13 months of age, demonstrating their strong need for attachment.

    Attachment Styles

    • The Strange Situation experiment identified four attachment styles:
      • Secure: Comfortable exploring with caregiver present, distressed when they leave, seek comfort upon return.
      • Anxious-ambivalent: Upset when caregiver leaves, wants close contact upon return but then pushes away.
      • Anxious-avoidant: Indifferent to caregiver's departure and return.
      • Disorganized-disoriented: Inconsistent and unpredictable behavior.

    Parenting Styles

    • Parenting styles reflect various levels of control:
      • Authoritarian: Coercive, demanding obedience, and impose rules.
      • Permissive: Unrestraining, few demands, limits, or punishments.
      • Neglectful: Uninvolved, neither demanding nor responsive, careless, inattentive.
      • Authoritative: Confrontational, demanding, responsive, set rules but encourage open discussion, and allow for exceptions.

    Adolescence

    • Adolescence is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood.
    • Brain development, including selective pruning, continues during adolescence.
    • Cognitive development continues as we age.
    • Adolescents become more aware of others' thoughts and perceptions, including how they are viewed by others.
    • They develop a stronger sense of self-critique and begin to question society, parents, and themselves.
    • Adolescents experience significant development of reasoning powers.

    Moral Reasoning

    • Moral reasoning is a personal decision-making process based on ethical principles.
    • Three levels of moral thinking:
      • Preconventional morality (birth to 9): Based on punishment and reward.
      • Conventional morality (early adolescence to adulthood): Understands societal rules and laws.
      • Postconventional morality: Affirms universal ethical principles.

    Fetal Development

    • First Trimester (Weeks 1-12):
      • Weeks 1-7: Initial development, formation of major organs and systems
      • Week 9: All major organs formed, fetus begins to move (not felt by mother)
      • Weeks 10-12: Digestive and excretory systems functioning, testosterone determines male genitalia

    Second Trimester (Weeks 13-28)

    - **Weeks 13-24:** Continued growth and development,  more refined motor actions,  heartbeat audible, skeleton hardening
- **Weeks 25-28:**  Age of viability (survival outside the womb possible),  but potential for developmental delays in newborns born during this period

    Third Trimester (Weeks 29-40)

    - **Weeks 29-36:** Continued growth, organ maturation, movement more noticeable, fetus  positions head down
- **Week 37-40:**  Fetus ready for birth, cervix widens,  head enters pelvic bone gap

    Environmental Influences on Fetal Development

    - Teratogens:  Agents that can harm fetus (drugs, chemicals, viruses, radiation)
- Maternal Characteristics: Nutrition, emotional well-being, age

    Examples of Teratogen Effects

    • Rubella: Most dangerous in 1st trimester, leading to potential birth defects (blindness, deafness, heart problems, mental disabilities)
    • Toxoplasmosis: Parasitic infection from cat feces or uncooked meat
    • Thalidomide: Drug used for morning sickness, linked to severe birth defects in infants (deformed ears, eyes, hearts, limb deformities)

    Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

    • Alcohol: A powerful teratogen that can cause severe developmental problems in children.

    Early Stages of Development

    • Egg Cell: 85,000 times the size of a sperm cell
    • Fertilization: Sperm releases enzyme, allowing penetration of the egg, once one sperm enters, the egg becomes impenetrable.
    • Germinal Period:
      -Week 1: Ovum released into fallopian tube, fertilization occurs within 24 hours. -Day 2: Cell division begins as fertilized egg (zygote) travels down the fallopian tube.
      • Day 3-4: Zygote reaches uterus.
      • Day 5-7: Blastocyst (cluster of cells) implants in uterine wall.

    Embryonic Period (Weeks 3-8)

    - **Week 3:**  Zygote becomes embryo, development of primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
- **Week 4:** Head growth dominates, spinal cord formation begins, limb buds appear.
- **Week 5-8:**  Brain development, upper arm and leg development, facial features become distinct, kidneys function, red blood cells develop, gonads appear.

    Prenatal Development

    • The egg cell is 85,000 times the size of a sperm cell.
    • A sperm releases an enzyme to make the egg penetrable, and once one sperm enters, the egg becomes impenetrable.
    • The egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell, which becomes the zygote.

    Germinal Period

    • The germinal period begins when the ovum is released into the fallopian tube.
    • Fertilization usually happens within 24 hours.
    • Cells begin to divide around 36 hours and the fertilized egg travels down the fallopian tube.
    • At about two days, the zygote has travelled to the uterus.
    • The blastocyst, a cluster of divided cells, implants on the side of the uterus.
    • The side of the uterus is comprised of tissue, blood, and nutrients.
    • Fewer than half of all fertilized eggs survive the two-week germinal period.
    • The zygote implants at around 10 days, and the inside cells become the embryo.
    • The amniotic sac surrounds the embryo to protect it.
    • The chorion develops into the placenta.
    • The placenta provides respiration, nourishment, and waste removal. It is formed by the lining of the uterus and the chorion.
    • The umbilical cord is a soft tube containing blood vessels that connect the embryo to the placenta.

    Embryonic Period

    • This period lasts from weeks 3-8.
    • The head grows more rapidly than the body.
    • The central axis of the body coincides with the spinal cord.
    • Three cell layers develop rapidly:
      • Ectoderm: develops into the nervous system, skin, hair, nails, teeth, and the outer layer of skin.
      • Mesoderm: develops into the muscles, bones, circulatory system, excretory system, and reproductive organs.
      • Endoderm: develops into the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and other vital organs.
    • Two ridges appear and close up around the developing nerves. Spina bifida occurs when these ridges don't close properly.
    • By the end of the second month, the ears are formed, limb buds form, the brain starts developing, and upper arms and legs develop first.
    • By the end of the second month, limbs elongate, separate, and webbing of the fingers disappears.
    • Facial features become distinct and the embryo, though only about an inch long, has a functioning brain and kidneys and is producing red blood cells.
    • Gonads begin to appear at this time. However, male or female distinguishing factors do not appear until about 7 weeks.

    Fetal Period

    • This period lasts from week 9 to the end of pregnancy.
    • Everything is formed and now growing and developing.
    • In the third trimester, the fetus begins to kick, turn, and tumble, but is rarely felt.
    • Digestive and excretory systems work together and the fetus can swallow and excrete.
    • If testosterone is present, male genitalia develop. The fetus is approximately 3 inches long at this stage.
    • In the second trimester (4-6 months), the fetus is 7-8 inches long, about 20-25 cm, and weighs 8 ounces.
    • More refined motor actions develop, and kicking may be strong enough to be felt by the mother.
    • The heartbeat can be heard with a stethoscope, which often brings reassurance to the mother.
    • The skeleton hardens and can be seen on ultrasound.
    • Eyebrows, eyelashes, and head hair develop, and the fetus is covered in vernix, a white cheesy coating, and lanugo, fine hairs that fall away.
    • In the third trimester, the organ systems mature, and weight gain continues.
    • The age of viability outside the body begins between 22 and 28 weeks. Children born during this time period may develop delays or deficiencies.
    • The baby moves, kicks, and sucks their thumb.
    • By the ninth month, the baby moves to a head-down position, tones uterine muscles, the cervix begins to widen, and the baby's head positions into the gap of the pelvic bone.
    • Vernix is present because the baby spends time in a water-filled chamber. It protects the skin.

    Environmental Influences

    • During pregnancy, environmental influences can impact the development of the fetus.
    • Teratogens, such as drugs, chemicals, viruses, and radiation, can harm the fetus.
    • 95% of fetuses are born without issues related to teratogens.
    • The higher the dose and the more exposure to a teratogen, the more likely it is to have an impact.
    • Each organ has a sensitive period during which it is most susceptible to damage.
    • Maternal characteristics like nutrition, emotional well-being, and age can also impact development.

    Effects of Teratogens

    • Each developing structure is most susceptible to damage during its sensitive period and rapid growth period.

    Maternal Disease

    • Rubella: Most dangerous in the first trimester, and 60-85% of babies whose mothers had rubella in the first trimester have birth defects, including blindness, deafness, cardiac abnormalities, mental issues, liver and spleen damage.
    • Toxoplasmosis: A parasite found in cat feces and uncooked meat.
    • Thalidomide: Prescribed for morning sickness (hyperemesis). Initially tested on rats with no side effects. Banned in Canada in the early 60s. Many babies were born with deformed ears, eyes, hearts, and limbs. Some babies were born with fused hands or feet (like flippers), and some had missing limbs. However, some children exposed to Thalidomide were born without side effects.

    Drugs

    • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): A serious disorder caused by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Children with FAS often have physical, cognitive, and behavioral problems.

    Cheating in Class

    • Cheating in class is a serious problem
    • Students caught cheating will receive a zero on the test, and further offenses will result in a zero for the course, suspension, and ultimately expulsion
    • In-class tests are being transitioned to paper-based tests to deter cheating

    Nature vs. Nurture

    • Nature refers to an individual's biology
    • Nurture refers to an individual's environment and experiences
    • The human genome is the complete set of genetic instructions for creating an organism; it makes us human
    • Genes are the biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes
    • We have 23 pairs of chromosomes (23 from each parent)
    • Chromosomes are protein structures that contain single molecules of DNA
    • DNA is a molecule containing our entire genetic code. It consists of two strands connected by a double helix
    • We have approximately 20,000 genes, some of which are active (expressed) while others are inactive (depressed)
    • Heredity is the genetic transmission from parents to offspring
    • Twin studies are used to understand the effects of environment on behavior
    • Identical twins are monozygotic, while fraternal twins are dizygotic
    • Monozygotic twins share the same egg and split, whereas dizygotic twins are from two separate eggs fertilized by different sperm
    • Twin studies can help us understand the role of both nature and nurture in shaping our behaviors

    Cheating in Class

    • Cheating is a serious issue that affects the integrity of the classroom.
    • Students caught cheating will receive a zero on the test and potentially a zero for the course, followed by suspension and expulsion.
    • Moving to in-paper tests is a response to the issue, emphasizing the importance of individual integrity and academic honesty.

    Nature vs. Nurture

    • Nature refers to an individual's biological makeup, including their genes and inherited traits.
    • Nurture encompasses the environmental and social factors that influence an individual's development.
    • The debate focuses on the relative contributions of biology and experience to shaping behavior and traits.
    • An example of this is the question of whether a robber's criminal behavior is primarily due to their biology or their upbringing.

    Human Genome

    • The human genome is the complete set of genetic instructions for creating an organism.
    • It contains all of an individual's genetic material and is responsible for making us human.
    • The genome consists of genes, which are biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes.
    • Genes provide the building blocks for the body, and their expression (activation) determines specific traits.

    Chromosomes and DNA

    • Each individual inherits 23 pairs of chromosomes (23 from the mother and 23 from the father).
    • The exception to this is the sex chromosomes, where females inherit two X chromosomes (XX) and males inherit one X and one Y chromosome (XY).
    • The Y chromosome contains fewer genes than the X chromosome, resulting in differences in the expression of genes.
    • Chromosomes are protein structures that contain a single molecule of DNA.
    • DNA is the molecule that contains all of an individual's genetic code.
    • It is composed of two strands connected by a double helix structure.
    • The human genome contains approximately 20,000 genes, some of which are expressed (active) while others are repressed (inactive).

    Heredity and Twin Studies

    • Heredity is the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring.
    • Twin studies are valuable in understanding the influence of environment on behavior.
    • Studying identical twins, who share the same genes, allows researchers to investigate the impact of different environments on their development.
    • Identical twins raised in separate homes can exhibit remarkable similarities in traits, abilities, interests, tastes, activities, fears, and even physiological measures like brain waves and heart rate.
    • This suggests that even with distinct upbringing, shared genetics can strongly influence an individual's development.

    Types of Twins

    • Identical twins, also known as monozygotic twins, result from a single fertilized egg that splits into two embryos.
    • Fraternal twins, also known as dizygotic twins, result from two separate eggs being fertilized by two different sperm.

    Zygote Development

    • A zygote refers to a fertilized egg, which undergoes repeated division into multiple cells.
    • It's important to remember that while zygotes share a similar genetic background, environmental factors can lead to differences in the development of siblings.

    Academic Integrity

    • Cheating is a serious problem in the classroom.
    • Students caught cheating will receive a failing grade on the test and potential further consequences.
    • Moving to in-paper tests to address ongoing cheating issues.

    Nature vs. Nurture

    • Nature refers to an individual's biological makeup, including their genes and inherited traits.
    • Nurture refers to environmental factors that influence an individual's development, such as upbringing, experiences, and social interactions.

    Human Genome

    • The human genome is a complete set of instructions for creating a human organism.
    • The human genome is comprised of 23 pairs of chromosomes, one set from each parent.
    • Chromosomes are made up of DNA molecules, which contain the genetic code that determines an individual's traits.

    Genes

    • Genes are the units of heredity that make up chromosomes.
    • Genes are expressed (active) or depressed (inactive) based on a variety of factors.

    Heredity

    • Heredity refers to the transfer of genetic traits from parents to offspring.
    • Twin studies are used to investigate the role of heredity and environment in determining individual characteristics.
    • Identical twins (monozygotic) share the same genetic material, while fraternal twins (dizygotic) have different genetic makeup, allowing researchers to study the impact of nature and nurture.

    Zygote

    • A zygote is a fertilized egg that divides repeatedly, eventually developing into an embryo and then a fetus.

    Nature and Nurture Interaction

    • Similar environmental factors can lead to different outcomes for individuals with different genetic predispositions.
    • Identical twins raised in separate environments can exhibit both shared and distinct traits.

    Cheating in Class

    • Cheating is a serious issue and has consequences for students.
    • Students caught cheating will receive a zero on the test, and if it happens again, a zero for the course, suspension, and even expulsion.
    • The class will transition to in-person exams due to the prevalence of cheating.

    Nature vs. Nurture

    • Nature refers to an individual's biological makeup.
    • Nurture refers to the environment and experiences that shape an individual.
    • The debate centers on the relative influence of nature and nurture on behavior and traits.

    Human Genome

    • The human genome is the complete set of genetic instructions for creating a human.
    • It's a shared genetic profile that makes us human.
    • Genes are the biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes.
    • Genes contain the building blocks for our bodies and are expressed or inactive based on environmental factors.

    Chromosomes

    • We inherit 23 pairs of chromosomes from our parents, 23 from each.
    • Chromosomes are protein structures that contain single molecules of DNA.
    • There are slight differences between the X and Y chromosomes, with the Y chromosome lacking some genes.

    DNA

    • DNA is a molecule that contains our entire genetic code.
    • It consists of two strands connected by a double helix.
    • We have about 20,000 genes, with some being expressed (active) and others repressed (inactive).

    Genome

    • All genetic material in an organism is called the genome.
    • The genome provides a blueprint for our traits.

    Heredity

    • Heredity is the genetic transfer from parents to children.
    • Twin studies are used to investigate the effects of environment on behavior.
    • Identical twins share the same genes and have similar traits despite different environments, while fraternal twins have different genes.

    Twin Types

    • Monozygotic twins are identical twins, resulting from a single fertilized egg that splits.
    • Dizygotic twins are fraternal twins, resulting from two separate eggs fertilized by different sperm.

    Prenatal Development

    • The egg cell is 85,000 times larger than a single sperm.
    • Upon entering the egg, the sperm releases an enzyme that makes the egg penetrable, preventing other sperm from entering.
    • The fused egg and sperm form a single cell.

    Germinal Period

    • The germinal period begins when the ovum is released into the fallopian tube, fertilization usually occurs within 24 hours.
    • At 36 hours, the cells begin to divide, and the cell travels down the fallopian tube toward the uterus.
    • The zygote, a fertilized egg, reaches the uterus after about 2 days.
    • The blastocyst, a cluster of divided cells made by the fertilized egg, implants on the side of the uterus, which is rich in tissue, blood, and nutrients.
    • Fewer than half of all fertilized eggs survive the first two weeks; after about 10 days, the zygote implants, and the inner cells become the embryo.
    • The amniotic sac, a protective membrane, surrounds the developing embryo.
    • The chorion develops into the placenta.
    • The placenta, an organ formed from the lining of the uterus and chorion, provides respiration, nourishment, and waste removal.
    • The umbilical cord, a soft tube containing blood vessels, connects the embryo to the placenta.

    Period of the Embryo

    • The period of the embryo lasts from 3 to 8 weeks.
    • During this period, the growth of the head takes precedence over the growth of the body.
    • The central axis of the embryo coincides with the developing spinal cord.
    • Three cell layers rapidly develop:

      Ectoderm

      • Becomes the nervous system, skin, hair, nails, teeth, and the outer layer of skin.
      • Two ridges that form the neural tube close and wrap around the developing nerves – if it does not close properly, spina bifida occurs.

      Mesoderm

      • Develops into muscles, bones, the circulatory system, the excretory system, and reproductive organs.

      Endoderm

      • Develops into the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and other vital organs.
    • By the end of the second month, the ears are formed, limb buds appear, the brain begins to develop, and the upper arms and legs develop first.
    • By the second month, the limbs are elongated and separated, the webbing between the fingers is gone, and facial features are becoming distinct.
    • The embryo is about an inch long, but the brain is starting to fire, the kidneys are functioning, red blood cells are being developed, and gonads begin to appear, although male or female distinguishing factors don’t appear until about 7 weeks.

    Period of the Fetus

    • The period of the fetus lasts from 9 weeks to the end of pregnancy.
    • All body structures have been formed and are now growing and developing.
    • During the third trimester, the fetus begins to kick, turn, and tumble, though this is rarely felt by the mother.
    • The digestive and excretory systems function together, enabling the fetus to swallow and excrete.
    • Testosterone is present, resulting in male genitalia.
    • By the end of the third month, the fetus is about 3 inches long.
    • During the second trimester (4-6 months), the fetus is 7 to 8 inches long, weighs about 8 ounces, and has more refined motor actions; kicking may be strong enough for the mother to feel it.
    • The heartbeat can be heard with a stethoscope.
    • The skeleton hardens and can be seen on ultrasound.
    • Eyebrows, eyelashes, and head hair develop.
    • The fetus is covered with vernix, a white, cheesy substance, and lanugo, fine hairs, both of which will fall away.
    • During the third trimester, organ systems mature, the fetus continues to gain weight, and the age of viability outside the body begins between 22-28 weeks (babies born during this period may develop delays or deficiencies).
    • The baby moves, kicks, and sucks its thumb.
    • During the ninth month, the baby moves into a head-down position, the cervix starts to widen, and the head positions into the pelvic bone gap.
    • Vernix protects the baby’s skin while it is immersed in amniotic fluid.

    Environmental Influences on Fetal Development

    • Teratogens – agents such as drugs, chemicals, viruses, and radiation can harm the fetus, although 95% of fetuses are born without issues.
    • Higher doses and more exposure to teratogens can have a greater impact on the fetus.
    • Each organ has a sensitive period during which it is most vulnerable to the effects of teratogens.
    • Maternal characteristics, such as nutrition, emotional well-being, and age, also impact the fetus' development.

    Effects of Teratogens

    • Each developing structure is most susceptible to damage during its sensitive period, a time of rapid growth.
    • If a mother contracts rubella, it can be most dangerous during the first trimester, and 60% to 85% of babies born to mothers who had rubella during the first trimester have birth defects, including blindness, deafness, cardiac abnormalities, mental issues, and liver and spleen damage.
    • Toxoplasmosis, a parasite found in cat feces and uncooked meat, can negatively affect the fetus.
    • Thalidomide, a drug used to treat morning sickness (hyperemesis), was tested on rats without apparent side effects. Canada banned the drug in the early 1960s, but many babies were born with deformities, including deformed ears, eyes, hearts, and conditions where hands or feet were attached to the body (like flippers). Some babies born to mothers who took thalidomide had missing limbs or no side effects at all.

    Drugs

    • Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) can result from alcohol consumption during pregnancy, causing a range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral problems.

    Prenatal Development

    • Fertilization: Sperm cell (85,000 times smaller than the egg) releases an enzyme that makes the egg penetrable. Once one sperm enters, the egg becomes impenetrable, preventing further sperm entry.
    • Germinal Period (First 2 Weeks): Fertilized egg (zygote) travels down the fallopian tube and implants itself in the wall of the uterus.
      • Zygote divides rapidly (approximately 100 cells) and develops into a blastocyst (a cluster of cells).
    • Embryonic Period (3-8 Weeks): Rapid development of the embryo's major organs and body systems.
      • Ectoderm: Develops into skin, hair, nails, nervous system, teeth, and outer layer of skin.
      • Mesoderm: Develops into muscles, bones, circulatory and excretory systems, and reproductive organs.
      • Endoderm: Develops into digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and other vital organs.
      • Central axis forms, marking the location of the spinal cord.
      • Spina bifida: Occurs when the neural tube (precursor to the spinal cord) doesn't close properly.
    • Fetal Period (9 Weeks - Birth): Continued growth and development of organs and systems.
      • Third Month: Fetus begins movement, has functional digestive and excretory systems, and can swallow.
      • Testosterone is present in male fetuses, leading to the development of male genitalia.
      • Second Trimester (4-6 Months): Fetus grows significantly (7-8 inches, 20-25 cm) and gains weight (8 ounces).
      • Mother can feel more refined movement and the fetal heartbeat.
      • Skeleton hardens, eyebrows, eyelashes, and hair develop.
      • Vernix (white, cheesy substance) and lanugo (fine hairs) cover the fetus' skin.
      • Third Trimester (7-9 Months): Organ systems mature, and the baby gains significant weight.
      • Age of Viability: Between 22-28 weeks, a fetus is potentially viable outside the womb, but may experience developmental delays or deficiencies.
      • Baby moves, kicks, and sucks its thumb.
      • Baby moves into a head-down position in the uterus.
      • Cervix widens, preparing for birth.

    Environmental Influences on Development

    • Teratogens: Substances (drugs, chemicals, viruses, radiation) that can harm the fetus during development.
      • Most fetuses are born without teratogen-related issues but greater exposure and dosage increase risk.
      • Different organs are most susceptible to damage during their sensitive periods of development.
    • Maternal Characteristics:
      • Nutrition: Important for fetal growth and development.
      • Emotional Well-being: Maternal stress can affect fetal development.
      • Maternal Age: Older mothers are at a higher risk for complications.

    Effects of Maternal Diseases

    • Rubella (German Measles): Most dangerous in the first trimester.
      • Can lead to blindness, deafness, heart defects, mental issues, liver and spleen damage.
    • Toxoplasmosis: Caused by a parasite found in cat feces and undercooked meat.
    • Thalidomide: A drug used for morning sickness that caused severe birth defects.
      • Banned in Canada in the early 1960's.
      • Caused deformed ears, eyes, hearts, and limb abnormalities in some babies.
    • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): A group of birth defects caused by prenatal alcohol exposure.
      • Most common preventable cause of intellectual disabilities.

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    Nature vs Nurture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores early attachment and its vital role in child development. You'll learn about important experiments like Harlow's and Lorenz's imprinting, as well as different attachment styles. Test your knowledge on how these concepts shape well-adjusted individuals.

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