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Questions and Answers
A high school student's decision to participate in a school club is influenced by their relationship with their parents and the school environment. Which of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems are interacting in this scenario?
A high school student's decision to participate in a school club is influenced by their relationship with their parents and the school environment. Which of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems are interacting in this scenario?
- Microsystem and Mesosystem (correct)
- Microsystem and Macrosystem
- Mesosystem and Exosystem
- Exosystem and Chronosystem
An immigrant family prioritizes maintaining their native language at home while also encouraging their children to excel in their school's curriculum. What strength of immigrant families does this best exemplify?
An immigrant family prioritizes maintaining their native language at home while also encouraging their children to excel in their school's curriculum. What strength of immigrant families does this best exemplify?
- Increased cultural differences
- Bilingualism (correct)
- Reduced discrimination
- Monolingualism
A child is born with a predisposition for athletic ability (nature). Which scenario best illustrates the interaction of nature and nurture as it relates to the child's potential?
A child is born with a predisposition for athletic ability (nature). Which scenario best illustrates the interaction of nature and nurture as it relates to the child's potential?
- The child's athletic ability can be completely overridden by negative environmental factors, regardless of their genetic potential.
- The child's genetic predisposition will only be realized if they have access to quality coaching and training facilities (nurture). (correct)
- The child's athletic ability is solely determined by their genes, and environmental factors have no impact.
- The child will inevitably become a professional athlete regardless of their training or environment.
During which process are identical cells created for growth and repair?
During which process are identical cells created for growth and repair?
Which of the following examples provides the BEST illustration of discontinuous development?
Which of the following examples provides the BEST illustration of discontinuous development?
A woman with blue eyes (recessive trait) and a man with brown eyes (dominant trait) have a child with blue eyes. What does this indicate about the man's genotype?
A woman with blue eyes (recessive trait) and a man with brown eyes (dominant trait) have a child with blue eyes. What does this indicate about the man's genotype?
Why are males more likely to be affected by sex-linked disorders, such as hemophilia or color blindness, than females?
Why are males more likely to be affected by sex-linked disorders, such as hemophilia or color blindness, than females?
A young adult who experienced a secure attachment with their parents in early childhood is now navigating their first serious romantic relationship. Based on the principles of early vs. later life experiences, what outcome is MOST likely?
A young adult who experienced a secure attachment with their parents in early childhood is now navigating their first serious romantic relationship. Based on the principles of early vs. later life experiences, what outcome is MOST likely?
According to ethological theory, what would be the MOST likely outcome if a baby bird is isolated from other birds during its critical period for learning songs?
According to ethological theory, what would be the MOST likely outcome if a baby bird is isolated from other birds during its critical period for learning songs?
Researchers studying the influence of genetics on personality compare identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised together. What is the primary purpose of this research design?
Researchers studying the influence of genetics on personality compare identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised together. What is the primary purpose of this research design?
During prenatal development, which period is characterized by the formation of major organs and structures?
During prenatal development, which period is characterized by the formation of major organs and structures?
A child consistently avoids expressing their emotions after being scolded for showing anger as a toddler. Which theoretical perspective BEST explains this behavior?
A child consistently avoids expressing their emotions after being scolded for showing anger as a toddler. Which theoretical perspective BEST explains this behavior?
A pregnant woman who is Rh-negative is carrying an Rh-positive fetus, and her doctor recommends a Rhogam injection. What is the purpose of this intervention?
A pregnant woman who is Rh-negative is carrying an Rh-positive fetus, and her doctor recommends a Rhogam injection. What is the purpose of this intervention?
A teacher uses a system of giving stickers for completing homework, and students who accumulate enough stickers can exchange them for small prizes. Which theory is the teacher applying?
A teacher uses a system of giving stickers for completing homework, and students who accumulate enough stickers can exchange them for small prizes. Which theory is the teacher applying?
A preschooler believes that a taller glass contains more juice than a shorter, wider glass, even though both glasses contain the same amount. Which of Piaget's stages does this exemplify, and which key concept is demonstrated?
A preschooler believes that a taller glass contains more juice than a shorter, wider glass, even though both glasses contain the same amount. Which of Piaget's stages does this exemplify, and which key concept is demonstrated?
A baby learns to control their torso before their hands and fingers. Which pattern of development does this demonstrate?
A baby learns to control their torso before their hands and fingers. Which pattern of development does this demonstrate?
During adolescence, the limbic system develops more rapidly than the prefrontal cortex. How does this difference in developmental timing affect adolescent behavior?
During adolescence, the limbic system develops more rapidly than the prefrontal cortex. How does this difference in developmental timing affect adolescent behavior?
According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, which factor is MOST crucial for a child learning to read?
According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, which factor is MOST crucial for a child learning to read?
Flashcards
Nature
Nature
Influence of genes on development (e.g., eye color).
Nurture
Nurture
Environmental influences on development (e.g., parenting).
Continuity
Continuity
Gradual development, like slowly growing taller over time.
Discontinuity
Discontinuity
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Early Experiences
Early Experiences
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Later Experiences
Later Experiences
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Ethological Theory
Ethological Theory
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Behaviorism
Behaviorism
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Microsystem
Microsystem
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Mesosystem
Mesosystem
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Exosystem
Exosystem
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Macrosystem
Macrosystem
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Chronosystem
Chronosystem
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Genes
Genes
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Mitosis
Mitosis
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Meiosis
Meiosis
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Teratogens
Teratogens
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Cephalocaudal
Cephalocaudal
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Study Notes
- Child development involves interplay between nature (genetics) and nurture (environment).
- Genes and environment interact, where genetic tendencies may thrive more in stimulating environments.
- Development can be continuous (gradual, like growing taller) or discontinuous (in stages, like learning to walk).
- Early life experiences set the stage for later development, while later experiences can build upon or modify early foundations.
- Ethological/Biological theories focus on instincts and critical periods.
- Psychodynamic theories (Freud) emphasize unconscious desires and early childhood experiences.
- Behaviorism (Skinner) highlights the role of rewards and punishments in shaping behavior.
- Cognitive Developmental theories (Piaget) propose that children actively construct knowledge through stages.
- Sociocultural theories (Vygotsky) assert that learning occurs through social interaction and cultural tools.
- Ecological theories (Bronfenbrenner) consider the influence of multiple systems on development.
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model
- Microsystem refers to the immediate environment.
- Mesosystem involves interactions between microsystems.
- Exosystem consists of external environments.
- Macrosystem encompasses the cultural context.
- Chronosystem includes changes over time.
- A child’s academic success is affected by their family, school, and cultural values about education.
Immigrant Families
- Challenges: Language barriers, cultural differences, and discrimination.
- Strengths: Bilingualism, resilience, and strong family ties.
- Immigrant children may struggle with English, but excel in math due to family support.
Genes, DNA, and Chromosomes
- Genes provide instructions for building proteins.
- DNA is the molecule carrying genetic instructions.
- Chromosomes are the structures that hold DNA.
- A gene determines hair texture.
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
- Mitosis creates identical cells for growth and repair.
- Meiosis creates sperm and egg cells with half the chromosomes.
- Mitosis helps skin heal. Meiosis creates sperm and egg that combine to make a baby.
Dominant-Recessive Genes
- Dominant genes show up even if one copy is present.
- Recessive genes show up only if two copies are present.
- A child will likely have brown eyes if one parent has brown eyes (dominant) and the other has blue eyes (recessive).
Sex-Linked Disorders
- Disorders are caused by genes on the X chromosome.
- Males are more affected because they have only one X chromosome.
- A boy can inherit color blindness from his mother, who is a carrier.
Twin and Adoption Studies
- Identical twins share 100% of genes.
- Fraternal twins share 50% of genes.
- These studies compare children to their biological and adoptive parents.
- If identical twins raised apart have similar personalities, genes play a big role.
Germinal, Embryonic, and Fetal Periods
- Germinal period lasts from fertilization to implantation (first 2 weeks).
- Embryonic period is when major organs form (weeks 3–8).
- Fetal period involves growth and refinement (weeks 9–birth).
- The heart starts beating in the embryonic period.
Teratogens
- Teratogens are substances that can harm a developing baby.
- Harm depends on dose, timing, and genetic susceptibility.
- Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
Blood Type Incompatibility
- If mom is Rh-negative and baby is Rh-positive, mom’s body might attack the baby.
- Rhogam vaccine prevents mom’s body from attacking future babies.
- A Rh-negative mom might need a Rhogam shot during pregnancy.
Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal Development
- Cephalocaudal development goes from head to toe.
- Proximodistal development goes from center outward.
- Babies control their head first, then their arms.
Puberty
- Puberty is triggered by hormones.
- Testosterone impacts boys and estradiol affects girls.
- Growth spurt is a rapid increase in height and weight.
- Girls might start their periods, and boys might grow facial hair.
SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)
- SIDS is when a baby stops breathing during sleep.
- Prevention involves back sleeping, no loose bedding, and no smoking.
- Always put babies to sleep on their backs to reduce SIDS risk.
Breastfeeding vs. Bottle Feeding
- Breastfeeding provides antibodies and reduces infections.
- Bottle feeding is a safe alternative with clean water.
- Breastfed babies might get fewer ear infections.
Neuroplasticity
- The brain can change and adapt based on experiences.
- Experience-expectant development involves basic skills.
- Experience-dependent development involves advanced skills.
- Learning a new language as an adult exemplifies neuroplasticity.
Adolescent Brain Development
- The emotional part of the brain (limbic system) develops faster than the decision-making part (frontal lobe).
- Teens might take risks because their frontal lobe isn’t fully developed yet.
- A teen speeding shows incomplete understanding of risks.
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Description
Overview of child development theories, including biological, psychodynamic, behaviorism, cognitive, sociocultural, and ecological perspectives. It covers genetic and environmental influences, continuous and discontinuous development, and the importance of early experiences.
