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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of erythrocytes in the blood?
What is the main function of erythrocytes in the blood?
Which type of immunity is characterized by non-specific, inborn defenses?
Which type of immunity is characterized by non-specific, inborn defenses?
What is the condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin?
What is the condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin?
Which component of blood is primarily responsible for the process of hemostasis?
Which component of blood is primarily responsible for the process of hemostasis?
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What type of white blood cells provide cell-mediated immunity?
What type of white blood cells provide cell-mediated immunity?
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Immunoglobulins are primarily produced by which type of immune cells?
Immunoglobulins are primarily produced by which type of immune cells?
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What term refers to the process of stopping bleeding, including blood clot formation?
What term refers to the process of stopping bleeding, including blood clot formation?
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Which term describes a substance that triggers an immune response?
Which term describes a substance that triggers an immune response?
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What condition is associated with a weakened immune system, as seen in HIV?
What condition is associated with a weakened immune system, as seen in HIV?
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Which component accounts for 55% of blood's composition?
Which component accounts for 55% of blood's composition?
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What does the term 'phylaxis' specifically refer to in a medical context?
What does the term 'phylaxis' specifically refer to in a medical context?
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What is the significance of 'lymphocytes' in the immune system?
What is the significance of 'lymphocytes' in the immune system?
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Autoimmunity is best described as which of the following?
Autoimmunity is best described as which of the following?
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Which of the following conditions is associated with 'hypersensitivity'?
Which of the following conditions is associated with 'hypersensitivity'?
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What does 'cytosis' indicate in hematological terms?
What does 'cytosis' indicate in hematological terms?
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What is the underlying cause of Jane Smith's iron deficiency anemia?
What is the underlying cause of Jane Smith's iron deficiency anemia?
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What is the primary treatment recommended for iron deficiency anemia?
What is the primary treatment recommended for iron deficiency anemia?
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Which term describes a severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening?
Which term describes a severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Blood
- Blood is the circulatory fluid responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients and removing waste products from tissues.
- It comprises 55% plasma (water, proteins, hormones) and 45% formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).
Blood Cells
- Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Leukocytes (White Blood Cells): Provide immunity and defense against infections.
- Thrombocytes (Platelets): Play a vital role in clotting (hemostasis).
Immunity
- A defense mechanism against harmful microorganisms and foreign substances.
- Innate Immunity: Non-specific, inborn defenses such as skin and mucus.
- Adaptive Immunity: Acquired defense specific to certain pathogens.
Components of Adaptive Immunity
- T Cells: Provide cell-mediated immunity, directly attacking foreign invaders.
- B Cells: Responsible for humoral immunity, producing antibodies.
Medical Terminology Related to Blood
- Hem/o, Hemat/o: Blood (e.g., hemopathy)
- Erythr/o: Red (e.g., erythropoiesis)
- Thromb/o: Clot (e.g., thrombosis)
- Leuk/o: White (e.g., leukocytosis)
Medical Terminology Related to Blood & Immunity
- Hematocrit: The proportion of red blood cells in the blood.
- Hemostasis: The process of stopping bleeding, including blood clot formation.
Medical Terminology Related to Immunity
- Immun/o: Refers to immunity or immune systems.
Examples of Immune System Terms
- Immunization: Process of inducing immunity.
- Immunoglobulin (Ig): Antibody proteins that protect against infections.
- Antigen: A substance that triggers an immune response.
- Antibody (Immunoglobulin): A protein produced by B cells that helps neutralize pathogens.
- Neutropenia: A decrease in neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, making the body more susceptible to infections.
- Eosinophil: A type of white blood cell involved in allergic reactions and fighting parasitic infections.
- Lymphocyte: A type of white blood cell involved in immune response.
Disorders Related to Blood:
- Anemia: Deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin.
- Leukemia: Cancer involving overproduction of white blood cells.
Disorders Related to Immunity:
- Autoimmune Diseases: The immune system attacks the body's own cells.
- Immunodeficiency Disorders: A weakened immune system, as seen in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Other Relevant Terms
- -phylaxis: Refers to protection or prevention (e.g., Prophylaxis - Treatment given or action taken to prevent disease)
- Anaphylaxis: A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.
- Lymph/o: Referring to lymph or the lymphatic system (part of the immune system) (e.g., Lymphocyte - A type of white blood cell involved in immune response)
- Lymphadenopathy: Disease affecting the lymph nodes.
- -globulin: Refers to proteins involved in immune response (e.g., Immunoglobulin - Antibodies that play a critical role in immune response)
- Gamma globulin: A substance containing antibodies given for passive immunity.
- Auto-: Prefix meaning "self" (e.g., Autoimmune - When the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues)
- Autoantibodies: Antibodies produced by the immune system that attack the body’s own cells.
- -cytosis: Refers to an abnormal increase in the number of cells (e.g., Leukocytosis - An abnormal increase in white blood cells)
- Hypersensitivity: An exaggerated immune response to a foreign substance (e.g., Hypersensitivity reaction - Immune responses that result in tissue damage, ranging from mild to severe).
Clinical Case: Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Patient Information:
- Name: Jane Smith
- Age: 45 years
- Gender: Female (F)
- Occupation: Office Worker
- Presenting Complaint: Fatigue, shortness of breath on exertion, frequent headaches, dizziness, and tiredness despite sleeping well.
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Investigations:
-
Complete Blood Count (CBC):
- Hemoglobin: 9.0 g/dL (normal: 12-15 g/dL)
- Hematocrit: 28% (normal: 36-46%)
- Ferritin: 8 ng/mL (normal: 20-200 ng/mL)
- Iron levels: Low
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Complete Blood Count (CBC):
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Diagnosis: Iron Deficiency Anemia secondary to chronic blood loss from menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding).
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Treatment: Ferrous sulfate 325 mg PO daily for 3 months.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of blood composition and the immune system. You'll explore the functions of different blood cells, as well as the innate and adaptive immunity mechanisms. Perfect for students learning about human biology or medical terminology.
