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Questions and Answers
What term describes an exaggerated immune response that can result in tissue damage?
Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in the immune response?
What does the prefix 'auto-' indicate in medical terminology?
What is the primary role of erythrocytes in the circulatory system?
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Which condition is characterized by an abnormal increase in white blood cells?
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Which type of immunity is characterized by specific defenses developed after exposure to pathogens?
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What is the primary treatment for Iron Deficiency Anemia as indicated in this case?
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What is the term used for the proportion of red blood cells in the blood?
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Which of the following white blood cells is primarily involved in allergic reactions?
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What condition is characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin?
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Study Notes
Blood: The Circulatory Fluid
- Blood is the fluid that carries oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes waste products.
- Blood is composed of 55% plasma (water, proteins, hormones) and 45% formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets).
Blood Cells
- Red blood cells (erythrocytes) transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- White blood cells (leukocytes) provide immunity and defend against infection.
- Platelets (thrombocytes) play a key role in clotting (hemostasis).
Understanding Immunity
- Immunity protects the body against harmful microorganisms and foreign substances.
- Innate immunity is the body's inborn, nonspecific defense system, which includes barriers like skin and mucus membranes.
- Adaptive immunity is acquired and specific to particular pathogens.
Cells of the Adaptive Immune System
- T cells provide cell-mediated immunity by directly attacking invaders.
- B cells are responsible for humoral immunity, producing antibodies to fight pathogens.
Medical Terminology Related to Blood
- Hem/o, Hemat/o: Roots referring to blood.
- Erythr/o: Root referring to red.
- Thromb/o: Root referring to blood clots.
- Leuk/o: Root referring to white.
Key Terms:
- Hematocrit: The percentage of red blood cells in the blood.
- Hemostasis: The body's process of stopping bleeding, including clot formation.
Medical Terminology Related to Immunity
- Immun/o: Refers to immunity or the immune system.
- Immunization: The process of inducing immunity to a specific disease.
- Immunoglobulin (Ig): Antibodies that protect against infections.
- Antigen: A substance that triggers an immune response.
- Antibody (Immunoglobulin): A protein produced by B cells that helps neutralize pathogens.
Common Immunological Disorders
- Neutropenia: Low neutrophil count, lowering infection resistance.
- Eosinophil: A white blood cell involved in allergic reactions and fighting parasitic infections.
- Lymphocyte: A type of white blood cell critical for immune responses.
Blood-Related Disorders
- Anemia: Deficiency in red blood cells or hemoglobin.
- Leukemia: Cancer characterized by overproduction of white blood cells.
Immune System Disorders
- Autoimmune Diseases: The immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues.
- Immunodeficiency Disorders: Weakened immune system, as seen in conditions like HIV.
-phylaxis Terminology
- -phylaxis: Refers to protection or prevention.
- Prophylaxis: Measures taken to prevent a disease.
- Anaphylaxis: A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.
Lymph/o: Terminology for the Lymphatic System
- Lymph/o: Refers to lymph or the lymphatic system.
- Lymphocyte: A type of white blood cell crucial for immune responses.
- Lymphadenopathy: Disease affecting the lymph nodes.
-globulin: Terminology for Immune Proteins
- -globulin: Refers to proteins involved in immune responses.
- Immunoglobulin: Antibodies that play a critical role in immune responses.
- Gamma globulin: A substance containing antibodies, given for passive immunity.
Auto-: Terminology for "Self"
- Auto-: Prefix meaning "self".
- Autoimmune: Refers to the immune system attacking the body's own tissues.
- Autoantibodies: Antibodies that mistakenly attack the body's own cells.
-cytosis: Terminology for an Increase in Cells
- -cytosis: Refers to an abnormal increase in the number of cells.
- Leukocytosis: An abnormal increase in white blood cells.
Hypersensitivity Terminology
- Hypersensitivity: An exaggerated immune response to a foreign substance.
- Hypersensitivity reaction: An immune response that damages tissues, varying in severity from mild to severe (e.g., anaphylaxis ).
Clinical Case: Iron Deficiency Anemia
- A 45-year old female patient presented with fatigue, shortness of breath, headaches, dizziness, and tiredness.
- Lab tests showed low hemoglobin, hematocrit, ferritin and iron levels.
- Diagnosis was Iron Deficiency Anemia, possibly due to chronic blood loss from heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia).
- The treatment included iron supplements.
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Description
Explore the vital role of blood as the circulatory fluid in transporting oxygen and nutrients, while also understanding the different types of blood cells and their functions. This quiz delves into the complexities of immunity, including both innate and adaptive responses, along with T cells and B cells. Test your knowledge on the composition and function of blood and the immune system.
