Introduction to Biochemistry

Introduction to Biochemistry

• Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within living organisms.
• It focuses on the structure, function, and interaction of biological molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids to sustain life.

Metabolism

• Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions within a living organism.
• It's a complex, interconnected network of reactions enabling growth, reproduction, and maintenance of internal environment.

Anabolism: Building Complex Molecules

• Anabolism involves building complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input.
• Examples include protein synthesis from amino acids, glycogen formation from glucose, and fatty acid synthesis from acetyl-CoA.

Catabolism: Breaking Down Complex Molecules

• Catabolism involves breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.
• Examples include protein breakdown into amino acids, glycolysis (glucose breakdown), and beta-oxidation (fatty acid breakdown).

ATP: The Energy Currency of Cells

• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy carrier in cells.
• ATP stores and releases energy when broken down into adenosine diphosphate (ADP), providing energy for cellular processes.

ATP Production

• Cellular respiration: Glucose and other molecules are broken down to produce ATP in the mitochondria.
• Photosynthesis: Plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, producing ATP.

Biochemistry and Metabolism in Illness and Recovery

• Obesity: Excessive body fat accumulation associated with metabolic dysfunction like insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
• Stress: A physiological response to perceived threats causing hormonal changes like cortisol release, affecting blood sugar and fat storage.

Factors Contributing to Obesity

• Energy imbalance: Excess calorie intake and insufficient physical activity lead to weight gain.
• Insulin resistance: Cells become less responsive to insulin, causing hyperglycemia and potentially leading to type 2 diabetes.
• Inflammation: Chronic low-grade inflammation linked to obesity contributing to various health issues.

Obesity Treatment Strategies

• Dietary changes: Reducing calorie intake and increasing nutrient-dense foods aid in weight loss.
• Exercise: Regular physical activity boosts metabolism, improves insulin sensitivity, and aids in weight management.
• Medication: Medications can aid weight loss or address underlying conditions like diabetes in some cases.

Stress and Metabolism

• Hormonal changes: Stress releases cortisol, a hormone increasing blood sugar and promoting fat storage.
• Immune system suppression: Chronic stress weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and diseases.

Managing Stress

• Stress management techniques: Relaxation techniques, meditation, and yoga help reduce stress levels.
• Regular exercise: Physical activity alleviates stress and improves overall well-being.
• Adequate sleep: Sufficient sleep is essential for maintaining a healthy stress response.