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Questions and Answers
Which statement accurately characterizes metabolic pathways?
Which statement accurately characterizes metabolic pathways?
- Catabolic and anabolic pathways are interconnected and regulated within cells. (correct)
- Metabolic pathways only occur in prokaryotic organisms.
- Metabolic pathways are not regulated and proceed without any checkpoints.
- All organisms can utilize both anabolic and catabolic pathways equally.
What is the main distinction between catabolic and anabolic pathways?
What is the main distinction between catabolic and anabolic pathways?
- Catabolic pathways generally release energy, while anabolic pathways require energy. (correct)
- Catabolic pathways are independent of cellular respiration, while anabolic pathways depend on it.
- Catabolic pathways consume energy while anabolic pathways release energy.
- Catabolic pathways build complex molecules from simpler ones, while anabolic pathways break them down.
Which of the following correctly describes autotrophs?
Which of the following correctly describes autotrophs?
- They synthesize all their organic compounds from inorganic carbon. (correct)
- They depend entirely on cellular respiration for energy.
- They obtain energy exclusively from consuming other organisms.
- They can only thrive in anaerobic environments.
What is a primary source of energy for most organisms?
What is a primary source of energy for most organisms?
How do aerobic organisms primarily generate cellular energy?
How do aerobic organisms primarily generate cellular energy?
What are metabolites?
What are metabolites?
Which of the following best describes heterotrophs?
Which of the following best describes heterotrophs?
Which of the following reactions is classified as a catabolic process?
Which of the following reactions is classified as a catabolic process?
Which of the following are considered good leaving groups?
Which of the following are considered good leaving groups?
What is the primary function of nucleophilic addition reactions?
What is the primary function of nucleophilic addition reactions?
What type of reaction forms a new C-C bond between a carbonyl carbon and the α carbon of another carbonyl molecule?
What type of reaction forms a new C-C bond between a carbonyl carbon and the α carbon of another carbonyl molecule?
Which mechanism is most commonly associated with elimination reactions?
Which mechanism is most commonly associated with elimination reactions?
What defines oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions in cells?
What defines oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions in cells?
Which mechanism controls enzyme synthesis in response to substrate presence?
Which mechanism controls enzyme synthesis in response to substrate presence?
Which factor does NOT affect enzyme activity?
Which factor does NOT affect enzyme activity?
What is meant by compartmentation in the context of metabolic control mechanisms?
What is meant by compartmentation in the context of metabolic control mechanisms?
What type of covalent modification involves the addition of a phosphate group to an enzyme?
What type of covalent modification involves the addition of a phosphate group to an enzyme?
Which cellular organelle is specifically mentioned as the location for the citric acid cycle enzymes?
Which cellular organelle is specifically mentioned as the location for the citric acid cycle enzymes?
What is the process called that involves transmitting and receiving messages to regulate metabolic mechanisms?
What is the process called that involves transmitting and receiving messages to regulate metabolic mechanisms?
Which of the following is NOT a type of covalent modification of enzymes?
Which of the following is NOT a type of covalent modification of enzymes?
What is the purpose of compartmentation in cellular metabolism?
What is the purpose of compartmentation in cellular metabolism?
What is gluconeogenesis?
What is gluconeogenesis?
Which examples are common noncarbohydrate precursors in gluconeogenesis?
Which examples are common noncarbohydrate precursors in gluconeogenesis?
What role does light energy play in photosynthesis?
What role does light energy play in photosynthesis?
Which types of biochemical reactions are commonly found in cells?
Which types of biochemical reactions are commonly found in cells?
What characterizes the carbonyl group in biological reactions?
What characterizes the carbonyl group in biological reactions?
What defines a nucleophile?
What defines a nucleophile?
What is the role of electrophiles in biochemical reactions?
What is the role of electrophiles in biochemical reactions?
In a nucleophilic substitution reaction, what occurs?
In a nucleophilic substitution reaction, what occurs?
What does the Michaelis constant (KM) indicate about an enzyme's substrate concentration?
What does the Michaelis constant (KM) indicate about an enzyme's substrate concentration?
Which type of enzyme inhibitor permanently affects enzyme activity?
Which type of enzyme inhibitor permanently affects enzyme activity?
How do competitive inhibitors affect enzyme activity?
How do competitive inhibitors affect enzyme activity?
What is the role of allosteric sites on enzymes?
What is the role of allosteric sites on enzymes?
What happens to enzymatic activity with the presence of non-competitive inhibitors?
What happens to enzymatic activity with the presence of non-competitive inhibitors?
What determines whether an inhibitor is considered reversible?
What determines whether an inhibitor is considered reversible?
What does covalent modification of enzymes involve?
What does covalent modification of enzymes involve?
How does substrate concentration typically relate to enzyme activity based on KM values?
How does substrate concentration typically relate to enzyme activity based on KM values?
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Study Notes
Gluconeogenesis
- Synthesizes glucose from noncarbohydrate sources like glycerol, lactate, some amino acids, and acetyl-CoA (in plants).
Photosynthesis
- Captures light energy in green plants to synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O.
- Produces ATP and NADPH, which provide energy for carbohydrate synthesis.
Types of Biochemical Reactions
- Five common chemical reactions:
- Nucleophilic substitution
- Nucleophilic addition
- Carbonyl condensation
- Elimination
- Oxidation/reduction
Carbonyl Group
- Key in biological reactions; contains a polar carbonyl group with a δ+ C atom and a δ− O atom.
Nucleophiles
- Negatively polarized, electron-rich atoms; examples include hydroxide ions, alkoxides, carbanions, and deprotonated amines.
Electrophiles
- Positively polarized, electron-poor atoms that accept electrons; examples include protonated imines and phosphate groups.
Enzyme Control Mechanisms
- Enzyme control through levels adjustment and activity regulation.
- Enzyme levels can change due to metabolic needs (induction or repression).
- Substrate concentration affects enzyme activity; reaction rates are responsive to small concentration changes.
Enzyme Kinetics
- KM value indicates substrate concentration at which half of the enzyme active sites are occupied; critical for understanding enzyme efficiency.
Competitive and Non-competitive Inhibition
- Competitive inhibitors mimic substrates and occupy active sites; reversible through increased substrate concentration.
- Non-competitive inhibitors bind elsewhere, altering enzyme shape and activity without competing with substrates.
Allosteric Regulation
- Allosteric effectors bind to sites away from the active site, modifying enzyme activity; essential for metabolic control.
Covalent Modification of Enzymes
- Involves adding/removing chemical groups (e.g. phosphorylation, acetylation) to regulate enzyme function.
Compartmentation
- Localization of enzymatic functions in specific cellular compartments, enhancing metabolic efficiency (e.g., mitochondrial enzymes in the citric acid cycle).
Hormonal Regulation
- Hormones serve as messengers that trigger metabolic responses through signal transduction, altering enzyme activity and metabolic pathways.
Metabolic Pathways
- Catabolism involves breaking down molecules to release energy, while anabolism builds complex molecules using energy.
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