Biochemistry Lecture Notes PDF

Lec1+2 Biochemistry Introduction to Biochemistry: Metabolism, Anabolism, and Catabolism What is Biochemistry? Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes that occur within living organisms. It’s essentially the chemistry of life. This field explores the structure and f...

Lec1+2 Biochemistry Introduction to Biochemistry: Metabolism, Anabolism, and Catabolism What is Biochemistry? Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes that occur within living organisms. It’s essentially the chemistry of life. This field explores the structure and function of biological molecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, and how they interact to sustain life. Metabolism: The Chemical Processes of Life Metabolism is the umbrella term that encompasses all the chemical reactions that occur within a living organism. It’s a complex network of interconnected reactions that allow organisms to grow, reproduce, and maintain their internal environment. Anabolism: Building Blocks of Life Anabolism is the process of building complex molecules from simpler ones. It’s like construction. Think of it as the body using smaller molecules to create larger, more complex structures, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. This process requires energy input. Examples of anabolic processes: Synthesis of proteins from amino acids Formation of glycogen from glucose Building of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA Catabolism: Breaking Down for Energy Lec1+2 Biochemistry Catabolism is the process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones. It’s like deconstruction. This process releases energy, which the body can use for various activities. Examples of catabolic processes: Breakdown of proteins into amino acids Glycolysis (breakdown of glucose) Beta-oxidation (breakdown of fatty acids) Production of Energy: ATP Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy currency of cells. It’s a molecule that stores and releases energy. When a cell needs energy, it breaks down ATP into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and releases energy. How is ATP produced? Cellular respiration: The process of breaking down glucose and other molecules to produce ATP. It occurs in the mitochondria of cells. Photosynthesis: Plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This process also produces ATP. Lec1+2 Biochemistry ☞ Key Points to Remember: 1. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes of life. 2. Metabolism is the overall term for all chemical reactions in an organism. 3. Anabolism is the process of building molecules. 4. Catabolism is the process of breaking down molecules. 5. ATP is the primary energy currency of cells Biochemistry and Metabolism in Illness and Recovery: Obesity, Stress, and Exercise Introduction This lecture will explore how biochemical processes, particularly metabolism, are involved in various health conditions, including obesity, stress, and the impact of exercise. We will discuss the underlying biochemical mechanisms and how these factors can influence overall health and recovery. Obesity: A Metabolic Disorder Obesity is a complex health condition characterized by excessive body fat accumulation. It is often associated with metabolic dysfunction, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Lec1+2 Biochemistry Biochemical factors: Energy imbalance: Obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Excessive calorie intake combined with insufficient physical activity leads to weight gain. Insulin resistance: The body’s cells become less responsive to insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. This can lead to hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes. Inflammation: Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which can contribute to various health problems. Treatment strategies: Dietary changes: Reducing calorie intake and increasing nutrient- dense foods can help with weight loss. Exercise: Regular physical activity can boost metabolism, improve insulin sensitivity, and aid in weight management. Medication: In some cases, medications can be used to help with weight loss or address underlying conditions like diabetes. Stress and Metabolism Stress is a common physiological response to perceived threats or challenges. Chronic stress can have significant negative impacts on health, including metabolic dysfunction. Lec1+2 Biochemistry Biochemical factors: Hormonal changes: Stress can lead to the release of cortisol, a hormone that can increase blood sugar levels and promote fat storage. Immune system suppression: Chronic stress can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and diseases. Managing stress: Stress management techniques: Relaxation techniques, meditation, and yoga can help reduce stress levels. Regular exercise: Physical activity can help alleviate stress and improve overall well-being. Adequate sleep: Sufficient sleep is essential for maintaining a healthy stress response. Exercise and Metabolism: Exercise is a powerful tool for improving health and well-being. It can have significant positive effects on metabolism. Biochemical benefits: Increased energy expenditure: Exercise can help burn calories and promote weight loss. Improved insulin sensitivity: Regular physical activity can enhance the body’s response to insulin, reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. Enhanced muscle mass: Exercise can help build and maintain muscle mass, which can boost metabolism. Lec1+2 Biochemistry Types of exercise: Cardiovascular exercise: Activities like running, swimming, and cycling can improve heart health and increase energy expenditure. Strength training: Resistance exercises can help build muscle mass And increase metabolic rate. Flexibility training: Stretching can improve joint mobility and reduce the risk of injuries. Conclusion Obesity, stress, and exercise are interconnected factors that Can significantly influence metabolic health. By understanding the biochemical mechanisms involved, we can develop effective strategies for managing these conditions and promoting overall well- being. https://t.me/MLT_AN