Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of cutting the corpus callosum during the split-brain surgery?
What is the primary purpose of cutting the corpus callosum during the split-brain surgery?
- To improve movement coordination in the lower brain areas
- To treat seizure disorder by reducing communication between hemispheres (correct)
- To enhance sensory processing on both sides of the brain
- To enable better communication between the cerebral hemispheres
Which side of the body does the left cerebral hemisphere primarily control?
Which side of the body does the left cerebral hemisphere primarily control?
- The lower half of the body
- The right side of the body (correct)
- Both sides of the body equally
- The left side of the body
What happens to sensory processing when the corpus callosum is cut?
What happens to sensory processing when the corpus callosum is cut?
- There is complete loss of sensory processing
- Both sides process sensory information independently (correct)
- Sensory processing is enhanced on both sides
- Only the left hemisphere processes sensory information
Why did the popularity of the split-brain surgery decline in the mid-1950s?
Why did the popularity of the split-brain surgery decline in the mid-1950s?
Which aspect of physical movement is the corpus callosum involved in, prior to being cut?
Which aspect of physical movement is the corpus callosum involved in, prior to being cut?
What is a notable side effect of the split-brain operation?
What is a notable side effect of the split-brain operation?
How does the brain still coordinate movements if the corpus callosum is cut?
How does the brain still coordinate movements if the corpus callosum is cut?
In the context of vision, which side of the brain processes information seen on the left side of a fixation point?
In the context of vision, which side of the brain processes information seen on the left side of a fixation point?
According to Gazzaniga’s Interpreter Theory, what is the main function of left-brain consciousness?
According to Gazzaniga’s Interpreter Theory, what is the main function of left-brain consciousness?
What conclusion did Gazzaniga draw regarding the feelings of split-brain patients about their wholeness?
What conclusion did Gazzaniga draw regarding the feelings of split-brain patients about their wholeness?
What does Gazzaniga’s Interpreter Theory suggest about free will?
What does Gazzaniga’s Interpreter Theory suggest about free will?
Why did the patient laugh when the right hemisphere was instructed to do so?
Why did the patient laugh when the right hemisphere was instructed to do so?
What process is primarily responsible for generating our sense of self according to Gazzaniga?
What process is primarily responsible for generating our sense of self according to Gazzaniga?
What characterizes the consciousness attributed to the left cerebral hemisphere?
What characterizes the consciousness attributed to the left cerebral hemisphere?
How do split-brain patients respond when asked about actions their right hemisphere initiated?
How do split-brain patients respond when asked about actions their right hemisphere initiated?
What is one key aspect of consciousness as defined in the previous textbook?
What is one key aspect of consciousness as defined in the previous textbook?
What philosophical approach is associated with Rene Descartes questioning everything?
What philosophical approach is associated with Rene Descartes questioning everything?
What did Descartes conclude with the statement 'I think, therefore I am'?
What did Descartes conclude with the statement 'I think, therefore I am'?
What significant change occurred during the scientific revolution regarding people's beliefs?
What significant change occurred during the scientific revolution regarding people's beliefs?
What does Descartes suggest about the nature of thoughts?
What does Descartes suggest about the nature of thoughts?
Which scientific figure's ideas contributed to the growing belief in a deterministic universe?
Which scientific figure's ideas contributed to the growing belief in a deterministic universe?
What implication does skepticism about intuition have, according to Descartes?
What implication does skepticism about intuition have, according to Descartes?
What does the notion of an unbroken chain of cause and effect suggest?
What does the notion of an unbroken chain of cause and effect suggest?
What concept distinguishes between the mechanical body and the immaterial mind?
What concept distinguishes between the mechanical body and the immaterial mind?
What term describes the paradox regarding how immaterial souls can control material bodies?
What term describes the paradox regarding how immaterial souls can control material bodies?
Which statement best summarizes the deterministic view of the world?
Which statement best summarizes the deterministic view of the world?
Which of the following is suggested to exist independently of sensory input?
Which of the following is suggested to exist independently of sensory input?
What do neurons evolve primarily to do?
What do neurons evolve primarily to do?
What is implied about the nature of meaning in a deterministic world?
What is implied about the nature of meaning in a deterministic world?
What major conclusion can be drawn about human thoughts and physics?
What major conclusion can be drawn about human thoughts and physics?
According to the discussion of determinism, what do molecules lack?
According to the discussion of determinism, what do molecules lack?
What distinguishes thinking from mere calculation?
What distinguishes thinking from mere calculation?
How does self-awareness relate to thoughts?
How does self-awareness relate to thoughts?
Which of the following questions remains unanswered regarding the brain?
Which of the following questions remains unanswered regarding the brain?
What is the significance of theorizing in human thought?
What is the significance of theorizing in human thought?
What do we know about the processing of information in the brain?
What do we know about the processing of information in the brain?
Which statement best describes mental illness in relation to understanding the brain?
Which statement best describes mental illness in relation to understanding the brain?
What role does the ability to imagine future possibilities play in thinking?
What role does the ability to imagine future possibilities play in thinking?
Why is understanding the brain's function crucial for comprehending feelings?
Why is understanding the brain's function crucial for comprehending feelings?
What primarily composes ordinary matter in the universe?
What primarily composes ordinary matter in the universe?
What type of light is primarily emitted during the formation of atoms?
What type of light is primarily emitted during the formation of atoms?
How long has light from the formation of the first atoms been traveling through space?
How long has light from the formation of the first atoms been traveling through space?
What percentage of the atoms in the universe are made up of hydrogen and helium?
What percentage of the atoms in the universe are made up of hydrogen and helium?
What does a light year measure?
What does a light year measure?
At what point in the universe's timeline did the first atoms form?
At what point in the universe's timeline did the first atoms form?
What has caused the wavelengths of light from the cosmos to stretch?
What has caused the wavelengths of light from the cosmos to stretch?
What is the wavelength of the cosmic microwave background radiation as a result of universe expansion?
What is the wavelength of the cosmic microwave background radiation as a result of universe expansion?
What is the primary function of proteins in a cell?
What is the primary function of proteins in a cell?
Which type of RNA serves as the instructions for protein synthesis?
Which type of RNA serves as the instructions for protein synthesis?
What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
How many types of amino acids are utilized to form proteins?
How many types of amino acids are utilized to form proteins?
What significant property of enzymes makes them vital for cellular functions?
What significant property of enzymes makes them vital for cellular functions?
What characteristic differentiates proteins from other macromolecules?
What characteristic differentiates proteins from other macromolecules?
Which process is primarily involved in linking amino acids during protein synthesis?
Which process is primarily involved in linking amino acids during protein synthesis?
What is the approximate size of a protein in millimeters?
What is the approximate size of a protein in millimeters?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in the cell?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in the cell?
What molecule carries the genetic instructions required for protein synthesis?
What molecule carries the genetic instructions required for protein synthesis?
Why is DNA preferred over RNA for long-term information storage?
Why is DNA preferred over RNA for long-term information storage?
What occurs when a ribosome encounters a complementary tRNA molecule?
What occurs when a ribosome encounters a complementary tRNA molecule?
What role do protein enzymes play in living organisms?
What role do protein enzymes play in living organisms?
What characterizes the small and large subunits of a ribosome?
What characterizes the small and large subunits of a ribosome?
How does RNA relate to DNA in terms of their functionality?
How does RNA relate to DNA in terms of their functionality?
What is the advantage of using ribosomes for protein synthesis?
What is the advantage of using ribosomes for protein synthesis?
What do mitochondria primarily do in eukaryotic cells?
What do mitochondria primarily do in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary component of prokaryotic cell cytoplasm?
What is the primary component of prokaryotic cell cytoplasm?
What happens to phospholipids when they are shaken in water?
What happens to phospholipids when they are shaken in water?
Which of the following statements about ribosomes is true?
Which of the following statements about ribosomes is true?
What is the role of a gene in a cell?
What is the role of a gene in a cell?
What defines the genome of a cell?
What defines the genome of a cell?
How are chromosomes related to the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
How are chromosomes related to the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
What is formed when micelles pop and reform under the right conditions?
What is formed when micelles pop and reform under the right conditions?
What is the primary function of large sections of the human genome that are never transcribed into RNA?
What is the primary function of large sections of the human genome that are never transcribed into RNA?
Which of the following is true regarding protein-encoding genes in humans?
Which of the following is true regarding protein-encoding genes in humans?
What happens to gene expression in a multicellular organism?
What happens to gene expression in a multicellular organism?
What role do non-protein encoding strands of RNA play in cells?
What role do non-protein encoding strands of RNA play in cells?
What is the function of microtubules in the neuron?
What is the function of microtubules in the neuron?
Why are mitochondria often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell?
Why are mitochondria often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell?
What does the presence of mostly non-expressed genes in multicellular organisms indicate about cellular function?
What does the presence of mostly non-expressed genes in multicellular organisms indicate about cellular function?
When did organisms known as animals first appear?
When did organisms known as animals first appear?
What is referred to as neoteny in human development?
What is referred to as neoteny in human development?
Which statement best describes the weight of the human brain from birth to twenty years of age?
Which statement best describes the weight of the human brain from birth to twenty years of age?
What primarily contributes to the growth of the human brain after birth?
What primarily contributes to the growth of the human brain after birth?
Which of the following statements addresses the Fermi Paradox?
Which of the following statements addresses the Fermi Paradox?
Why is the Milky Way galaxy considered old enough to have created potential life-bearing planets?
Why is the Milky Way galaxy considered old enough to have created potential life-bearing planets?
What could interstellar travel potentially allow life forms to do according to estimations?
What could interstellar travel potentially allow life forms to do according to estimations?
What does the unique slow maturation of human brains imply about their behavior?
What does the unique slow maturation of human brains imply about their behavior?
What can be inferred about the likelihood of intelligent life existing elsewhere in the universe?
What can be inferred about the likelihood of intelligent life existing elsewhere in the universe?
What is the primary reason the crystallization of silver chromate is valuable for scientists?
What is the primary reason the crystallization of silver chromate is valuable for scientists?
What is the main function of dendrites in a neuron?
What is the main function of dendrites in a neuron?
Which structure is responsible for conducting impulses away from the neuron?
Which structure is responsible for conducting impulses away from the neuron?
What measurement indicates the voltage difference across a cell membrane?
What measurement indicates the voltage difference across a cell membrane?
How are neurotransmitters released from an axon terminal?
How are neurotransmitters released from an axon terminal?
What is the role of axon collaterals in a neuron?
What is the role of axon collaterals in a neuron?
What role does a voltmeter play in measuring voltage?
What role does a voltmeter play in measuring voltage?
What prevents ions from crossing the cell membrane without specific conditions?
What prevents ions from crossing the cell membrane without specific conditions?
What primarily determines the resting membrane potential of most neurons?
What primarily determines the resting membrane potential of most neurons?
When K+ channels are opened more in a neuron, what happens to the membrane potential?
When K+ channels are opened more in a neuron, what happens to the membrane potential?
What is the typical resting membrane potential range for most neurons?
What is the typical resting membrane potential range for most neurons?
Which ion continuously flows into neurons through other types of ion channels and pumps?
Which ion continuously flows into neurons through other types of ion channels and pumps?
What effect does removing K+ channels from the membrane have on the membrane potential?
What effect does removing K+ channels from the membrane have on the membrane potential?
What is defined as the electrical charge difference across a cell membrane?
What is defined as the electrical charge difference across a cell membrane?
Which type of ion is primarily responsible for establishing the resting membrane potential in neurons?
Which type of ion is primarily responsible for establishing the resting membrane potential in neurons?
How is the balance of K+ ions maintained in a neuron?
How is the balance of K+ ions maintained in a neuron?
What happens to K+ ions when the membrane potential reaches -90 mV?
What happens to K+ ions when the membrane potential reaches -90 mV?
What primarily drives K+ ions to leave the cell?
What primarily drives K+ ions to leave the cell?
When the membrane potential is less negative than -90 mV, what occurs?
When the membrane potential is less negative than -90 mV, what occurs?
What role does the negative charge inside the cell play regarding K+ ions?
What role does the negative charge inside the cell play regarding K+ ions?
What occurs at the point when electrostatic pressure exceeds the force of diffusion?
What occurs at the point when electrostatic pressure exceeds the force of diffusion?
Which factor contributes to the competition between diffusion and electrostatic pressure for K+ ions?
Which factor contributes to the competition between diffusion and electrostatic pressure for K+ ions?
If the membrane potential is more negative than -90 mV, what is expected regarding K+ ion movement?
If the membrane potential is more negative than -90 mV, what is expected regarding K+ ion movement?
What is the primary reason K+ ions are more concentrated inside the cell compared to the outside?
What is the primary reason K+ ions are more concentrated inside the cell compared to the outside?
What is the typical resting membrane potential of neurons relative to extracellular fluid?
What is the typical resting membrane potential of neurons relative to extracellular fluid?
Which of the following ions is primarily more abundant inside of cells?
Which of the following ions is primarily more abundant inside of cells?
What type of ion channels allow specific ions to flow freely when opened?
What type of ion channels allow specific ions to flow freely when opened?
Which of the following best defines an ion?
Which of the following best defines an ion?
What role do leak channels primarily serve in the cell membrane?
What role do leak channels primarily serve in the cell membrane?
What type of pressure causes positively charged ions to want to enter the neuron?
What type of pressure causes positively charged ions to want to enter the neuron?
Which of the following is NOT considered an important positively charged ion in cells?
Which of the following is NOT considered an important positively charged ion in cells?
What percentage of the atomic composition of cells is made up of hydrogen?
What percentage of the atomic composition of cells is made up of hydrogen?
What is the primary function of sodium-potassium transporters in neurons?
What is the primary function of sodium-potassium transporters in neurons?
What determines the resting membrane potential of a neuron?
What determines the resting membrane potential of a neuron?
Which ion contributes most significantly to the resting membrane potential of -70 mV in neurons?
Which ion contributes most significantly to the resting membrane potential of -70 mV in neurons?
What characteristic of potassium leak channels affects the resting membrane potential?
What characteristic of potassium leak channels affects the resting membrane potential?
What function do receptors on the dendrites of neurons serve?
What function do receptors on the dendrites of neurons serve?
What is a unique feature of ion channel receptors found in neurons?
What is a unique feature of ion channel receptors found in neurons?
What occurs when a receptor is activated and allows Na+ ions to enter the cell?
What occurs when a receptor is activated and allows Na+ ions to enter the cell?
In a resting neuron, what is the concentration of sodium compared to potassium?
In a resting neuron, what is the concentration of sodium compared to potassium?
How does the activity of sodium-potassium transporters influence the neuron's resting state?
How does the activity of sodium-potassium transporters influence the neuron's resting state?
What is the role of K+ leak channels following the influx of Na+ ions?
What is the role of K+ leak channels following the influx of Na+ ions?
Why are changes in membrane potential significant for neurons?
Why are changes in membrane potential significant for neurons?
What is the typical change in membrane potential when Na+ ions enter the cell during receptor activation?
What is the typical change in membrane potential when Na+ ions enter the cell during receptor activation?
What is the main reason neurons can quickly return to their resting membrane potential after depolarization?
What is the main reason neurons can quickly return to their resting membrane potential after depolarization?
What triggers the opening of electrically charged gates on voltage-gated ion channels?
What triggers the opening of electrically charged gates on voltage-gated ion channels?
What is the nature of changes to membrane potential in neurons?
What is the nature of changes to membrane potential in neurons?
Which ions predominantly influence the depolarization of the membrane potential during receptor activation?
Which ions predominantly influence the depolarization of the membrane potential during receptor activation?
What role do outer hair cells play in hearing?
What role do outer hair cells play in hearing?
What is the function of tip links in hair cells?
What is the function of tip links in hair cells?
What happens to hair cells after experiencing loud noises?
What happens to hair cells after experiencing loud noises?
How does place coding contribute to auditory perception?
How does place coding contribute to auditory perception?
What is the consequence of not having functioning inner hair cells?
What is the consequence of not having functioning inner hair cells?
Which type of coding primarily encodes moderate to high frequencies of sound?
Which type of coding primarily encodes moderate to high frequencies of sound?
What typically occurs after tip links break due to excessive noise exposure?
What typically occurs after tip links break due to excessive noise exposure?
What type of hearing loss occurs when outer hair cells are not functional?
What type of hearing loss occurs when outer hair cells are not functional?
What physical property corresponds to the loudness of sound?
What physical property corresponds to the loudness of sound?
Which of the following best describes timbre?
Which of the following best describes timbre?
What is the range of sound wave lengths that the human ear can transduce?
What is the range of sound wave lengths that the human ear can transduce?
What do the ossicles in the middle ear do in response to sound?
What do the ossicles in the middle ear do in response to sound?
How is pitch determined in sound waves?
How is pitch determined in sound waves?
What happens to variations in air pressure that do not repeat?
What happens to variations in air pressure that do not repeat?
What property of sound waves determines how far they will travel?
What property of sound waves determines how far they will travel?
Which part of the ear is primarily responsible for vibrational transmission?
Which part of the ear is primarily responsible for vibrational transmission?
What role do overtones play in determining the timbre of a sound?
What role do overtones play in determining the timbre of a sound?
How do cochlear implants stimulate different notes for the hearing-impaired?
How do cochlear implants stimulate different notes for the hearing-impaired?
What method does the brain use to localize low frequency sounds below 800 Hz?
What method does the brain use to localize low frequency sounds below 800 Hz?
What is the primary reason for the dampening of high-pitched sounds by the head?
What is the primary reason for the dampening of high-pitched sounds by the head?
How does the shape of our outer ear assist in sound localization?
How does the shape of our outer ear assist in sound localization?
Which frequency range is optimal for understanding human speech through cochlear stimulation?
Which frequency range is optimal for understanding human speech through cochlear stimulation?
What is the fundamental frequency range of human speech?
What is the fundamental frequency range of human speech?
In what way do interaural cues assist in sound localization?
In what way do interaural cues assist in sound localization?
What structure does sound first vibrate after being funneled by the pinna?
What structure does sound first vibrate after being funneled by the pinna?
Where in the cochlea are high-pitched sounds primarily detected?
Where in the cochlea are high-pitched sounds primarily detected?
What mechanism allows hair cell cilia to open ion channels?
What mechanism allows hair cell cilia to open ion channels?
What is the role of outer hair cells in the cochlea?
What is the role of outer hair cells in the cochlea?
Which part of the ear contains the sensory neurons that transduce sound?
Which part of the ear contains the sensory neurons that transduce sound?
What causes the movement of the basilar membrane within the cochlea?
What causes the movement of the basilar membrane within the cochlea?
What type of sound frequency does the thin and wide area of the basilar membrane primarily detect?
What type of sound frequency does the thin and wide area of the basilar membrane primarily detect?
Which structure acts as the receptive organ within the cochlea?
Which structure acts as the receptive organ within the cochlea?
What is the primary role of the organ of Corti in the auditory system?
What is the primary role of the organ of Corti in the auditory system?
Where do axons from the cochlear nuclei first synapse after leaving the organ of Corti?
Where do axons from the cochlear nuclei first synapse after leaving the organ of Corti?
Which structure is primarily responsible for analyzing different frequencies of sound?
Which structure is primarily responsible for analyzing different frequencies of sound?
How does the shape and size of the outer ear affect sound processing?
How does the shape and size of the outer ear affect sound processing?
What is the term for the organization of the primary auditory cortex that corresponds to different frequencies?
What is the term for the organization of the primary auditory cortex that corresponds to different frequencies?
What occurs at the cochlear nuclei in the auditory pathway?
What occurs at the cochlear nuclei in the auditory pathway?
Which structure in the auditory pathway assists in localizing the source of sounds?
Which structure in the auditory pathway assists in localizing the source of sounds?
What does the green trace on the auditory graph indicate?
What does the green trace on the auditory graph indicate?
What is the primary function of the posterior auditory pathway?
What is the primary function of the posterior auditory pathway?
What does the anterior auditory pathway primarily help with?
What does the anterior auditory pathway primarily help with?
Which of the following best describes amusia?
Which of the following best describes amusia?
How do individuals with amusia typically respond to consonant and dissonant music?
How do individuals with amusia typically respond to consonant and dissonant music?
Which area of the auditory association cortex processes rhythm?
Which area of the auditory association cortex processes rhythm?
What function does the vestibular system primarily serve?
What function does the vestibular system primarily serve?
Which auditory agnosia may occur due to damage in auditory association cortex?
Which auditory agnosia may occur due to damage in auditory association cortex?
Which streams are auditory information analyzed in?
Which streams are auditory information analyzed in?
Flashcards
Prerequisites for the course
Prerequisites for the course
Recommended but not required introductory psychology (PSYC 100) or equivalent, and introductory biology (BIOL 111, 112, 115) or equivalent.
Class attendance
Class attendance
Helpful but not mandatory for the course. Recordings and course materials are provided.
Textbook recommendation
Textbook recommendation
Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience, 5th edition; online access through MyCourses for $75. Not mandatory for success.
Exam questions source
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Homework quizzes
Homework quizzes
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Midterm 1
Midterm 1
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Final Exam
Final Exam
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Extra credit
Extra credit
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Split-brain operation
Split-brain operation
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Corpus Callosum
Corpus Callosum
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Cerebral Hemispheres
Cerebral Hemispheres
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Left brain
Left brain
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Right brain
Right brain
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Vision processing
Vision processing
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Information Transfer (brains)
Information Transfer (brains)
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Post-Surgery Movement
Post-Surgery Movement
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Split Brain Patient Experiments
Split Brain Patient Experiments
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Split Brain Patient Joe
Split Brain Patient Joe
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Interpreter Theory
Interpreter Theory
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Left Brain Consciousness
Left Brain Consciousness
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Unconscious Processes
Unconscious Processes
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Free Will Illusion
Free Will Illusion
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Consciousness as Storytelling
Consciousness as Storytelling
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Left Hemisphere Location
Left Hemisphere Location
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Consciousness
Consciousness
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Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution
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Deterministic Universe
Deterministic Universe
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Cartesian Doubt
Cartesian Doubt
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I think, therefore I am
I think, therefore I am
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Immaterial world
Immaterial world
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Thoughts and ideas
Thoughts and ideas
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Rene Descartes
Rene Descartes
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Mind-Body Dualism
Mind-Body Dualism
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Cartesian Impasse
Cartesian Impasse
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Is Free Will an Illusion?
Is Free Will an Illusion?
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Neural Networks and Thoughts
Neural Networks and Thoughts
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Meaning of Things
Meaning of Things
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Deterministic World
Deterministic World
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The Role of Molecules
The Role of Molecules
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Brains Construct Meaning
Brains Construct Meaning
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World of Ideas
World of Ideas
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Thinking as Creation
Thinking as Creation
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Thoughts influence the Future
Thoughts influence the Future
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How do we feel things?
How do we feel things?
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What is thinking?
What is thinking?
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Mental Illness
Mental Illness
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Sensory Processing
Sensory Processing
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Neural Basis of Cognition
Neural Basis of Cognition
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Big Bang
Big Bang
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Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
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Atomic Formation
Atomic Formation
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Universe's Expansion
Universe's Expansion
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Light Year
Light Year
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Hydrogen and Helium
Hydrogen and Helium
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Electrons
Electrons
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Timeline of the Universe
Timeline of the Universe
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Ribosome
Ribosome
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tRNA
tRNA
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mRNA
mRNA
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Amino Acid
Amino Acid
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DNA
DNA
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Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis
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Phospholipid
Phospholipid
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Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane
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What are proteins?
What are proteins?
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What are enzymes?
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What is mRNA?
What is mRNA?
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What is tRNA?
What is tRNA?
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How are proteins made?
How are proteins made?
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What is the genetic code?
What is the genetic code?
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How many types of amino acids are there?
How many types of amino acids are there?
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What determines the shape and function of a protein?
What determines the shape and function of a protein?
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Phospholipid Bilayer
Phospholipid Bilayer
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Micelles
Micelles
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Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic Cell
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Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria
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Nucleus
Nucleus
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Genome
Genome
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What is RNA's role?
What is RNA's role?
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How much of our genome codes for proteins?
How much of our genome codes for proteins?
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What is non-coding RNA?
What is non-coding RNA?
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What is gene expression?
What is gene expression?
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Cell body (soma)
Cell body (soma)
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Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
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Microtubules
Microtubules
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Neoteny
Neoteny
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Brain Plasticity
Brain Plasticity
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Fermi Paradox
Fermi Paradox
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Interstellar Travel
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Earth-Like Planets
Earth-Like Planets
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Observable Universe
Observable Universe
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Milky Way Galaxy
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Alien Life
Alien Life
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Resting Membrane Potential
Resting Membrane Potential
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Electrostatic Pressure
Electrostatic Pressure
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What are ion channels?
What are ion channels?
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Leak Channel
Leak Channel
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Sodium (Na+)
Sodium (Na+)
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Potassium (K+)
Potassium (K+)
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Chloride (Cl-)
Chloride (Cl-)
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Calcium (Ca2+)
Calcium (Ca2+)
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Golgi Stain
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Dendrites
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Axon
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Axon Terminal
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Synapse
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Voltage
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Diffusion
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Membrane Potential
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Sodium-Potassium Pump
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Resting Potential
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Action Potential
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Depolarization
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Repolarization
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Ion Channel Receptor
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What makes depolarization important?
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Voltage-Gated Ion Channel
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How do leak channels restore resting potential?
How do leak channels restore resting potential?
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Why does receptor activation lead to transient depolarization?
Why does receptor activation lead to transient depolarization?
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What is the purpose of receptor activation and depolarization?
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Why are changes in membrane potential important?
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Potassium Leak Channel
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What influences the resting membrane potential?
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Ion Channels
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What determines the resting membrane potential?
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What happens if more K+ channels open?
What happens if more K+ channels open?
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What happens if some K+ channels close?
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Oval Window Vibrations
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Cochlea
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Basilar Membrane
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Hair Cells
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Tectorial Membrane
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Sound Transduction
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Auditory Nerve
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Inner Hair Cells
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Outer Hair Cells
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Tip Links
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Place Coding
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Rate Coding
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Loud Noise Damage
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Excitotoxicity
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Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
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Sound Wave
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Amplitude
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Frequency
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Timbre
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Malleus, Incus, Stapes
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Tympanic Membrane
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Oval Window
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Inner Ear
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Overtone
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Cochlear Implant
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Interaural Cues
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Pinna and Ear Canal
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Fundamental Frequency
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Sound Localization
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Auditory Association Cortex
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Where/What Streams in Auditory Processing
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Auditory Agnosia
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Amusia
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Vestibular System
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Conscious Sensations from Vestibular System
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Tonotopic Representation
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Auditory Cortex
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Organ of Corti
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Cochlear Nerve
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How does the brain localize sound?
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What is neoteny?
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What is brain plasticity?
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What is the Fermi Paradox?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course title: Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience
- Course code: PSYC 211
- Instructor: Jonathan Britt
- TA email: [email protected]
- No required reading for lecture 1
Course Content
- Covers topics well understood by neuroscientists, such as:
- Brain structure
- Neural activity
- How neurons interact and adapt
- Control of muscles and glands
- Neurological disorders
- Also covers topics less well understood by neuroscientists, such as:
- Emotions
- Mental illness
- Language
- Learning
- Hunger
- Sleep
- Sex differences
Professor Jonathan Britt
- Associate Professor
- Canada Research Chair
- Research Fellow
- Postdoctoral Fellow
- PhD in Neurobiology
- Research Assistant
- BA
- Research Lab: Stewart Bio
- Research focuses on:
- Neural underpinnings of motivation and reinforcement learning
- Dopaminergic signaling
- Neural processing in the basal ganglia
- Optical imaging and targeted neural manipulations in mouse learning and decision-making
- Office Hours: Thursdays, 10:00 AM -11:00 AM (Sept 19 onward)
- Office location: Stewart Biology room N8/9
Syllabus Information
- Recommended but not critical prerequisites:
- Introductory Psychology (PSYC 100) or equivalent
- Introductory Biology (BIOL 111, 112, 115) or equivalent
- Class attendance is helpful, but not mandatory. All lectures are recorded and posted online (MyCourses).
- Recommended textbook: Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience 5th Edition (access may be purchased online through MyCourses for $75). Textbook is helpful but not necessary.
- Exam questions come from lectures, textbook can help clarify misunderstandings or gain other perspectives
- MindTap is not needed or used for this class.
Exam Schedule and Grading
- 10% Homework Quizzes (on MyCourses; 2 quizzes, each worth 5% and there is no limit to submission attempts, best score will be used until December 9th).
- 25% Midterm 1 (Monday, September 30th, 4:05 PM-5:25 PM; covers lectures 1-8).
- 25% Midterm 2 (Monday, November 11th, 4:05 PM-5:25 PM; covers lectures 9-17).
- 40% Final Exam (date in December, University determined, cumulative, post-midterm 2 material emphasis).
- 2% Extra Credit: available for participation in Psychology Study Participant Program with more information on MyCourses
Important Information on Requirements
- Final Exam (or deferred exam) is necessary to pass the class.
- Midterm and quizzes are optional, but only contribute to your overall grade if they are higher than your final exam score. Lower grades are dropped.
- Makeup exam for Midterm 1 will be offered on Monday October 7th as a similar test in class. Request for a makeup exam for Midterm 1 must be submitted to [email protected] before Tuesday October 1st if it cannot be completed on October 7th.
- No makeup exams are offered for Midterm 2
Extra Credit Opportunity
- 2% extra credit for participating in a 2-hour study through the Department of Psychology through MyCourses step-by-step tutorial
- Contact [email protected] with any further questions
Teaching Assistants
- Madeleine Morris
- In-Hyun Baek
- Naima Mansuri
- Caitlyn Antal
- Caroline Rajda
- Email: [email protected] for questions about the course
- Provide review conferences and individual/group meetings
TA-Led Review Conferences
- Specific dates, days, and topics for review conferences are listed. Locations are also specified.
- TAs do not record the sessions but do post their PowerPoint presentations on MyCourses.
Today's Topic: Consciousness and Free Will
- What is consciousness?: The state or quality of awareness of thoughts, perceptions, memories, and feelings.
- Research Method: Examining brain damage cases and how people perceive the world.
- Results: Brain damage can disrupt conscious awareness.
- Take-Home Point: We still don't understand how consciousness works and remain uncertain about free will.
What is Consciousness?
- Consciousness defined as a state of awareness involving thoughts, perceptions, memories, and feelings
- Consciousness generates subjective experiences.
- If an entity is capable of experiencing consciousness, then something needs to be considered - like the experience of a rock, plant, ant, calculator, computer, or AI robot
Medical Fad in the 1940s and 50s - Lobotomy
- Once a common treatment for psychosis, depression, and anxiety.
- The procedure involved cutting the frontal lobes.
- Over 20,000 lobotomies were performed in the US alone in the 1940s
- Became less popular in the mid-1950s after the discovery of effective antipsychotic medications.
A Different Medical Procedure - The Split-Brain Operation
- A surgical approach for treating epilepsy (and seizure disorders), involves cutting the corpus callosum (bundle of nerve fibers connecting the brain’s hemispheres).
- Generally effective, but has unacceptable side-effects that are not comparable with lobotomies.
Brain Anatomy - Cerebral Hemispheres and Retinal Axons
- Hemispheres are critical to processing sensory information and purposeful body movement
- Left hemisphere largely responsible for right-side body functions and vice versa (though nerve fibers cross)
- Object recognition and movements in split-brain patients can become impacted on the affected side and may also appear to have separate thoughts and feelings.
- The left visual field is processed by the right hemisphere and vice versa.
Cutting the Corpus Callosum
- Disrupts communication between hemispheres.
- Lower brain areas (brainstem and spinal cord) still coordinate movements without the corpus callosum
- Coordinated movement capabilities can be remarkable when viewed through the lens of split-brain operations.
Brief History of the Split-Brain Surgery
- History of the use of the split-brain surgery in treating epilepsy
- Independent clinical trials of the surgical interventions revealed some unexpected results.
- Some long-term studies of cases have revealed the surgery doesn’t always resolve the problems it aims to solve.
Split-Brain Patients- Interesting Dilemmas and Vicki
- Split-brain patients may report their left-hand acting against what they want, outside of their conscious awareness
- Patients with split brains sometimes displayed issues with recognizing and coordinating their left-hand
- Challenges or conflicts may resolve over time.
Studies on Split-Brain Patients
- Deficits and limitations can be observed in regards to processing or understanding information (touch and vision) in split-brain patients.
- These deficits are not disruptive during tasks that develop practices or coordination over time and use the brain's ability integrate information from different hemispheres.
Localization of Language in the Brain
- Language abilities are predominantly located in the left hemisphere.
- The right hemisphere can sometimes still have very limited language; however, patients can use their left hands to indicate responses to certain questions/statements.
Split-Brain Patient Experiments
- Display of visual and tactile stimuli being interpreted differently from the different hemispheres of the brain.
Split-Brain Consciousness
- Patients may make up explanations (post-hoc) when asked to explain their actions.
- The right hemisphere is given instructions and then the left hemisphere attempts to create a cause/reasoning behind these actions.
Gazzaniga’s Interpreter Theory
- Left brain attempts to create rational explanations for actions initiated by the right hemisphere (even when unaware of the reasons)
- Left hemisphere uses language as a way to interpret and rationalize information from the right hemisphere
- This action creates a unified sense of self (despite the hemispheres' lack of communication during tasks).
How Did We Get Here?: Historical context for the scientific revolution and faith in the laws of Physics
Our intuitions cannot be trusted
- Descartes and the questioning approach
- Importance of considering that our perceptions and intuitions may be inaccurate
Mind-Body Dualism
- Apparent contradiction between the deterministic laws of physics and subjective experiences of free will.
- Descartes developed mind-body dualism to address that contradiction (mind is immaterial, independent of body functions)
The evolution of thought
- Neural networks evolved to process internal and external information and coordinate responses.
- Thoughts don’t produce automatic responses, but rather create and influence behavioural responses
- Thoughts result from complex interactions within the brain and exist independent of external input/output
Is the World Deterministic?
- Deterministic framework, all events stem from causal links, outside of human influence.
- However, our minds create meaning.
- There is a distinct layer of representation, using the laws of nature, where thoughts have an important layer of influence.
Thoughts Have Influences and Power
- Thinking as a creative act
- Imagining the future and theorizing gives rise to complex ideas and thought
- Thinking isn't calculating, but creative and influences the future/actions.
- Self-awareness arises from realizing that our thoughts can influence our future.
Important Outstanding Questions
- Questions about feelings, consciousness, thinking, and mental illness (and treatments).
- The question of why/how mental illnesses arise, given our limitations in understanding the brain's underlying processes.
We Have Learned a Lot About the Brain
- Significant progress in understanding the neural processes of the brain at cellular and inter-neural level
- However, the complexity underlying cognitive processes and consciousness remains somewhat of a mystery
Jill Bolte Taylor and Other Videos
- Excerpts from Jill Bolte Taylor's Ted talk about consciousness are available on MyCourses.
- Other material will be presented if time/mood permits in class (and not deemed mandatory)
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key concepts of Behavioral Neuroscience covered in PSYC 211. This quiz focuses on brain structure, neural activity, emotional processing, and neurological disorders. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand the interactions between neurons and behavior.
