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Questions and Answers

According to Hebb's postulate, what strengthens the synaptic connection between a presynaptic terminal and a postsynaptic neuron?

  • Gradual weakening of connection
  • Coordinated electrical activity (correct)
  • Uncorrelated activity
  • Elimination of synaptic connection

    • During which phase of postnatal brain development does the growth of dendrites, axons, and synapses occur?

  • Continued elaboration phase
  • Construction phase (correct)
  • Critical period
  • Elimination phase

    • What is the term used to describe the time when experience and neural activity have maximal effect on the acquisition or execution of a particular behavior?

  • Hebb's postulate
  • Phenomena in brain development
  • Experience-dependent plasticity
  • Critical periods (correct)

    • Which of the following accurately describes the impact of experience on neural circuitry?

    <p>Experience helps shape neural circuitry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to synaptic connections during correlated patterns of activity?

    <p>Synaptic connections are strengthened.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of disturbed activity patterns during the critical period?

    <p>Altered visual function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the critical period, what happens to the correlation between the activity levels in each eye?

    <p>The correlation between the activity levels in each eye decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ocular asynchrony on binocular convergence?

    <p>Ocular asynchrony prevents binocular convergence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of cataracts on visual acuity if left untreated in children?

    <p>Cataracts result in irreversible damage to visual acuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential intervention for amblyopia?

    <p>Repeated training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of amblyopia in humans?

    <p>Strabismus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the suppressed eye in amblyopia?

    <p>It loses its acuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the development of rudimentary language in newborn predators?

    <p>Newborns need to be trained to distinguish sounds for appropriate predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of retinal waves before birth and before eye opening?

    <p>To establish patterns of connectivity in the retinogeniculocortical pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ocular dominance distribution and visual behavior when one eye of a kitten is closed early in life and then reopened at 2.5 months?

    <p>The kitten's visual cortex is wired with respect to eye dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Hebb’s postulate?

    <p>Fire together, wire together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are critical periods in brain development?

    <p>Times when experience and neural activity have maximal effect on behavior acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does visual deprivation affect ocular dominance?

    <p>It alters the balance of input from the two eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are amblyopia and strabismus?

    <p>Amblyopia is lazy eye, and strabismus is crossed eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can language development be altered?

    <p>By experiences during critical periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is experience-dependent plasticity in the developing brain?

    <p>The brain's ability to change in response to experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of visual deprivation on the distribution of ocular dominance?

    <p>It alters the normal distribution of ocular dominance and can lead to cortical blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if unequal competition occurs during the critical period?

    <p>It is more deleterious than complete disruption of visual input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ocular dominance distribution in V1 when animals are deprived of vision in one eye from birth?

    <p>They develop abnormal patterns of ocular dominance in V1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of cataracts during the critical period?

    <p>Irreversible damage to visual acuity in the deprived eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of uncorrected abnormal ocular competition in amblyopia?

    <p>It can lead to permanent visual impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the growth of dendrites, axons, and synapses during postnatal brain development?

    <p>Occurs during the critical period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of dark exposure on visual cortical neuron dendrites?

    <p>It increases the density of spines on visual cortical neuron dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of prolonged experience-driven construction of cortical circuits in disorders like ADHD?

    <p>It affects gray matter volume and subsequent behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of strabismus on vision in children?

    <p>It can lead to double vision and affect around 5% of children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to synaptic connections during correlated patterns of activity?

    <p>Stabilize concurrent synaptic connections and weaken/eliminate divergent ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of retinal waves before birth and eye opening?

    <p>They establish rudimentary patterns of connectivity in the retinogeniculocortical pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of altering activity patterns during the critical period?

    <p>Leads to changes in visual cortex connectivity and altered visual function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if postnatal alterations are not reversed before the end of the critical period?

    <p>They become difficult or impossible to change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of experience during critical periods?

    <p>Helps shape neural circuitry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Critical Periods and Neural Circuitry

    • Manipulating competition during the critical period alters the postnatal rearrangement of cortical connections
    • Cutting an extraocular muscle during the critical period leads to strabismus and prevents binocular convergence
    • Ocular asynchrony prevents binocular interactions and results in sharper ocular dominance patterns in the primary visual cortex
    • Neurons in the primary visual cortex respond selectively to oriented bars/edges, and binocular competition aligns orientation tuning in binocularly innervated cortical neurons
    • Cataracts during the critical period result in irreversible damage to visual acuity in the deprived eye
    • Unequal competition during the critical period is more deleterious than complete disruption of visual input
    • Critical periods also exist in language development and learning, shaping behavior and fluency
    • Experience helps shape neural circuitry during critical periods
    • Correlated patterns of activity stabilize concurrent synaptic connections and weaken/eliminate divergent ones
    • Altered activity patterns during the critical period lead to changes in visual cortex connectivity and altered visual function
    • Reversing these alterations before the end of the critical period is crucial as they become difficult or impossible to change
    • Prolonged experience-driven construction of cortical circuits is altered in several disorders, such as ADHD, affecting gray matter volume and subsequent behavior

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    Related Documents

    Lecture 17 - Experience dependent plasticity.pdf

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the diagnosis and treatment of amblyopia, also known as lazy eye. Learn about the importance of early intervention and the potential interventions available. Explore the impact of uncorrected abnormal ocular competition on visual impairment.

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