Society & Culture

Secondary groups are characterized by formal interactions, role-based relationships, and a focus on achieving specific goals. Members are primarily interested in personal gain and often lack strong emotional connections.

Social institutions are seen as essential for the survival of society and tend to be conservative because they are highly effective in meeting basic needs and are deeply ingrained within the social fabric.

"Culture within us" refers to the deeply ingrained cultural norms, beliefs, and values that shape our understanding and evaluation of things. It creates a framework through which we interpret and judge the world, often leading us to perceive our own culture as natural or normal.

<p>Culture shock occurs when individuals encounter a radically different culture that challenges their fundamental assumptions and beliefs. This clash of perspectives can lead to confusion, disorientation, and a sense of uncertainty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Culture encompasses language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects. It is a shared system of beliefs and practices passed down through generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social institutions serve to meet the basic needs of society, ensuring its survival by providing structure, order, and shared values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social institutions are interdependent, functioning as parts of a unified whole. They interact and influence each other, demonstrating the interconnected nature of social systems. For example, the family and education systems both contribute to the development and socialization of individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kluckhohn and Kelly define culture as a set of historically created designs for living, encompassing both explicit and implicit, rational and irrational elements. This definition emphasizes the historical and multifaceted nature of culture. In contrast, Useem and Useem define culture as learned and shared behaviors within a community, highlighting the social and interactive aspects of culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A society is a collection of interacting individuals who share a way of life and live in the same territory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statuses, roles, groups, and institutions are the foundational elements that help societies manage differences and conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sociologists view status as a position in society, while prestige refers to the respect and admiration that status may command.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An ascribed status is one that is inherited or born into, with little control over it, unlike achieved status which is earned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chantelle Brown-Young faced bullying due to her skin condition, vitiligo, which caused her to be ridiculed by her peers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chantelle discovered her interest in modeling at the age of 16.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive sanctions express approval for abiding by norms, while negative sanctions denote disapproval for breaking norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>She overcame bullying and embraced her unique appearance, which led to a successful modeling career.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social interactions are crucial as they help to establish connections, norms, and shared values among individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural relativism allows individuals to appreciate other groups' beliefs without the bias of superiority or inferiority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural practices that result in exploitation should be judged as morally inferior compared to those that enhance people's lives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subcultures coexist with the dominant culture and have distinct values, whereas countercultures oppose the dominant culture's values and may challenge them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Culture shock is the bewilderment and distress experienced when exposed to a new social and cultural environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shared culture provides a common framework that holds individuals together within a society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognizing that cultures are not static is significant because it allows for understanding of how social life evolves and adapts over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dominant culture may perceive countercultures as threats and respond by moving against them to affirm its own core values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chantelle's modeling photos inspired followers, such as a girl in Atlanta, to embrace their own bodies, leading her to wear shorts despite having vitiligo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Achieved status is earned through individual effort, while ascribed status is assigned at birth and not based on individual actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Status is a static label indicating a position in society, while role is a dynamic expectation of behavior associated with that status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Role conflict occurs when an individual faces incompatible demands from two different roles they occupy simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prescribed role refers to society's expectations of how an individual with a specific status should behave, while role performance is the actual behavior exhibited in that role.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A primary group is characterized by informal interactions and deep personal relationships, contrasting with secondary groups that are more task-oriented and formal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Role strain refers to the stress experienced when facing incompatible demands from different expectations attached to a single status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social media allows individuals to showcase their talents and build a following, which can contribute to achieving status through recognition and opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethnocentrism is the assessment of other cultures based on the standards of one's own culture. It can create in-group solidarity but lead to harmful discrimination when taken to extremes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples of material culture include clothing and buildings. These items reflect the values, technology, and artistry of a culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nonmaterial culture encompasses beliefs, values, and behaviors, while material culture includes tangible objects like tools and clothing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gesture meanings vary widely; for instance, a raised eyebrow may indicate doubt in the U.S. but signify agreement in Tonga. Misunderstandings can lead to confusion or offense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language serves as a primary means of communication and is a system of symbols that represents abstract thoughts within a culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three types are paralanguage (voice modulation), kinesics (body movements), and proxemics (physical distance). They enhance communication by conveying emotions and social cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Values are general standards of good and bad, norms are rules of behavior derived from those values, and sanctions are reactions to behavior reflecting norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It's crucial because non-linguistic forms, like gesturing and body language, can have different meanings in different cultures, leading to potential miscommunication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A social position that an individual occupies in a society.

Expected behaviors and responsibilities associated with a particular status.

A status that is earned or achieved through an individual's efforts and choices.

Expectations held by society about how an individual with a specific status should behave.

The actual performance of a role by an individual.

Conflict arising when someone has to fulfill two different roles with opposing expectations.

A collection of roles attached to a single status.

Stress caused by incompatible demands within a single role.

A collection of individuals sharing the same way of life and living in the same territory.

Positions within a society that define our roles and behaviors.

A status assigned at birth or inherited, such as race, gender, or age.

A status earned through effort or achievements, such as a career or education.

A status that is more important than others and often defines how others perceive you.

The behaviors, attitudes, and expectations associated with a particular status.

Groups of people with shared interests, goals, or activities.

Organized social structures that fulfill specific functions in society, like education, government, and religion.

A group where members interact formally, have specific roles, and expect to benefit from each other. There are minimal emotional ties, communication is formal, and individual goals drive participation. Once the goal is achieved, the group disbands.

A set of widely shared beliefs, norms, and procedures that fulfill fundamental societal needs. Examples include family, education, religion, economy, and politics.

An organization or system that is designed to serve a specific purpose in society. It is a set of rules and norms that govern how people behave in a particular situation.

The learned and shared beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects of a community. It is how groups of people live, believe, and behave together. It is passed down through generations.

The feeling of confusion and disorientation experienced when encountering a different culture that challenges one's own beliefs and assumptions.

The unconscious acceptance of one's own culture as normal and natural, often leading to a lack of awareness of other cultures.

Implicit instructions from our culture that guide our behavior and shape our sense of right and wrong.

The tendency of institutions to resist change and maintain the existing order of things.

Judging another culture based on the standards of your own culture, assuming your culture is superior.

The physical objects and technology created by a culture.

A group's shared beliefs, values, and patterns of behavior. Includes language, gestures, and ways of thinking.

Using body movements to communicate. Specific gestures can have different meanings in different cultures.

The system of symbols, like words, used to communicate abstract thought. It is the primary means of communication between people.

Non-verbal actions, including Paralanguage (voice tone), Kinesics (body movement), and Proxemics (distance and posture), that convey meaning in different cultures.

General standards defining good and bad, beautiful and ugly within a culture.

Specific rules of behavior within a culture that reflect their values. They can be formal or informal.

Rewards and punishments used to enforce social norms.

Understanding and appreciating other cultures without judging them as better or worse.

Groups with distinct values and behaviors that set them apart from the dominant culture, but still compatible with it.

Groups with values and behaviors that directly oppose the dominant culture.

A system of interconnected relationships among people.

Cultures are constantly evolving and changing over time.