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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What do values provide for role behavior?
What do values provide for role behavior?
- A complete set of norms for each role
- Detailed instructions for every situation
- Specific rules on how to act
- General behavioral guidelines (correct)
What is the purpose of norms according to Merton (1938)?
What is the purpose of norms according to Merton (1938)?
- To ensure people understand their roles
- To allow for flexibility in role interpretation
- To provide order and predictability in behavior (correct)
- To prevent confusion and anger in social situations
According to Goffman (1959), what is true about norms?
According to Goffman (1959), what is true about norms?
- They are not influenced by personal or cultural factors
- They are strictly defined and cannot be negotiated
- They are the same as values and roles
- They are open to interpretation and negotiation (correct)
What do beliefs represent in the context of cultural structuring?
What do beliefs represent in the context of cultural structuring?
How do beliefs differ from values?
How do beliefs differ from values?
What is the relationship between beliefs and ideologies?
What is the relationship between beliefs and ideologies?
What are the two basic parts of cultures mentioned in the text?
What are the two basic parts of cultures mentioned in the text?
According to Merton (1957), what is the 'manifest function' of material objects like clothes?
According to Merton (1957), what is the 'manifest function' of material objects like clothes?
Why do roles contribute to the creation of culture?
Why do roles contribute to the creation of culture?
What does every role have according to the text?
What does every role have according to the text?
Which aspect of cultures is emphasized as constantly changing in the text?
Which aspect of cultures is emphasized as constantly changing in the text?
'Latent function' as described in the text refers to:
'Latent function' as described in the text refers to:
What is necessary for a society to function according to the text?
What is necessary for a society to function according to the text?
'Roles' in a society are always played in relation to:
'Roles' in a society are always played in relation to:
'Values' in cultures provide a sense of order and predictability because:
'Values' in cultures provide a sense of order and predictability because:
'Material culture' involves which of the following?
'Material culture' involves which of the following?
What is one key feature that defines a society?
What is one key feature that defines a society?
What are the two types of space that different societies involve?
What are the two types of space that different societies involve?
How does Anderson describe societies?
How does Anderson describe societies?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an element in the social construction of reality?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an element in the social construction of reality?
What is the relationship between physical space and mental space in defining a society?
What is the relationship between physical space and mental space in defining a society?
What is the main purpose of the passage?
What is the main purpose of the passage?
Which of the following contributes to the social construction of reality?
Which of the following contributes to the social construction of reality?
What does the term 'manifest function' refer to?
What does the term 'manifest function' refer to?
Which of the following is NOT part of non-material culture, according to the text?
Which of the following is NOT part of non-material culture, according to the text?
According to Anderson (1983), what does the term 'imagined communities' refer to?
According to Anderson (1983), what does the term 'imagined communities' refer to?
Which of the following statements about culture is TRUE, according to the text?
Which of the following statements about culture is TRUE, according to the text?
What does the text suggest about the physical space of a society?
What does the text suggest about the physical space of a society?
What is a key feature in defining a society?
What is a key feature in defining a society?
What does the term 'latent function' refer to, according to the text?
What does the term 'latent function' refer to, according to the text?
What does the text suggest about the members of a society?
What does the text suggest about the members of a society?
Which of the following is NOT a part of material culture?
Which of the following is NOT a part of material culture?
Which of the following is NOT a key feature that defines a society?
Which of the following is NOT a key feature that defines a society?
What is the term used to describe the physical objects produced by a society that reflect its cultural knowledge and skills?
What is the term used to describe the physical objects produced by a society that reflect its cultural knowledge and skills?
According to Merton (1957), what is the term used to describe the hidden or unintended function of material objects?
According to Merton (1957), what is the term used to describe the hidden or unintended function of material objects?
Which of the following best describes the concept of an 'imagined community' as proposed by Anderson (1983)?
Which of the following best describes the concept of an 'imagined community' as proposed by Anderson (1983)?
What is the term used to describe the process by which individuals learn and internalize the cultural norms, values, and beliefs of a society?
What is the term used to describe the process by which individuals learn and internalize the cultural norms, values, and beliefs of a society?
Which of the following statements about the social construction of reality is NOT true?
Which of the following statements about the social construction of reality is NOT true?
What are the two basic parts of culture?
What are the two basic parts of culture?
Which of the following best describes the 'manifest function' of material objects, according to Merton (1957)?
Which of the following best describes the 'manifest function' of material objects, according to Merton (1957)?
What are the two types of space that define different societies, according to the text?
What are the two types of space that define different societies, according to the text?
Which of the following statements about geographic borders is true?
Which of the following statements about geographic borders is true?
What is the primary factor that defines a society?
What is the primary factor that defines a society?
What is the main characteristic of material culture?
What is the main characteristic of material culture?
What do manifest and latent functions refer to in the context of material objects?
What do manifest and latent functions refer to in the context of material objects?
According to Anderson's concept of 'imagined communities', what do societies exist as?
According to Anderson's concept of 'imagined communities', what do societies exist as?
What are the two types of space that define different societies, according to the text?
What are the two types of space that define different societies, according to the text?
Which of the following statements about culture is true, according to the text?
Which of the following statements about culture is true, according to the text?
What is the primary distinction between material and non-material culture?
What is the primary distinction between material and non-material culture?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an element in the social construction of reality?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an element in the social construction of reality?
What is the primary function of material objects like clothes?
What is the primary function of material objects like clothes?
What does the concept of 'imagined communities' suggest about the nature of societies?
What does the concept of 'imagined communities' suggest about the nature of societies?
Questions and Answers
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Defining Society
- A society is a simple concept, but difficult to define
- Key feature: people see themselves as having something in common with others in their society
- People consider themselves different from people in other societies
- Two types of space:
- Physical space: distinctive geographical area marked by physical or non-physical borders
- Mental space: separates people based on beliefs about similarities and differences between societies
Social Construction of Reality
- Societies are mentally constructed
- Reality is socially constructed
- Culture contributes to the social construction of reality
- Culture refers to a 'way of life' that is taught and learnt through primary and secondary socialisation
Elements of Culture
- Roles: a building block of culture
- Played in relation to other roles
- Contribute to the creation of culture
- Involve social interactions and awareness of others
- Values: provide general behavioural guidelines
- Guided by values that provide broad guidance for role behaviour
- Do not tell people how to play a role
- Norms: specific rules showing how people should act in a particular situation
- Provide specific behavioural guides
- Can be open to interpretation and negotiation
- Beliefs: deep-rooted ideas that shape values
- Can be true or untrue, but are believed to be true
- Perform a significant structuring role when combined with ideologies
Culture and Socialisation
- Culture is dynamic and constantly changing
- Material culture: physical objects (artefacts) that reflect cultural knowledge, skills, and interests
- Non-material culture: knowledge and beliefs valued by a particular culture
- Includes religious and scientific beliefs
- Includes meanings people give to material objects
- Objects can function in two ways:
- Manifest function: purpose for which they exist
- Latent function: hidden function, e.g., status symbols
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