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Questions and Answers
A surgeon is planning an approach to a deep abdominal structure. Which anatomical plane would be MOST useful for pre-operative imaging to visualize the optimal path, minimizing damage to surrounding tissues?
A surgeon is planning an approach to a deep abdominal structure. Which anatomical plane would be MOST useful for pre-operative imaging to visualize the optimal path, minimizing damage to surrounding tissues?
- Oblique plane, angled to the structure for a direct path avoiding major vessels.
- Transverse plane, to gain a comprehensive view of structures at a specific level, and their relationships. (correct)
- Sagittal plane, for visualizing depth and anterior/posterior relationships.
- Coronal plane, for assessing lateral relationships and potential obstructions.
A patient complains of pain radiating down their leg. To best describe the location of the pain's origin relative to the ankle, which directional term should a clinician use?
A patient complains of pain radiating down their leg. To best describe the location of the pain's origin relative to the ankle, which directional term should a clinician use?
- Lateral
- Distal
- Proximal (correct)
- Superior
During a neurological exam, a physician asks the patient to lie face down. What anatomical position is the physician requesting?
During a neurological exam, a physician asks the patient to lie face down. What anatomical position is the physician requesting?
- Anatomical position
- Prone position (correct)
- Supine position
- Lithotomy position
A researcher is studying the arrangement of cells within the lining of the trachea. Which branch of anatomy is MOST relevant to this study?
A researcher is studying the arrangement of cells within the lining of the trachea. Which branch of anatomy is MOST relevant to this study?
When describing the location of a skin lesion on the anterior surface of the forearm, which of the following terms indicates that it is closer to the elbow than the wrist?
When describing the location of a skin lesion on the anterior surface of the forearm, which of the following terms indicates that it is closer to the elbow than the wrist?
A medical student is learning to interpret CT scans. Which of the following anatomical approaches is the student utilizing?
A medical student is learning to interpret CT scans. Which of the following anatomical approaches is the student utilizing?
During a physical examination, a doctor uses palpation to assess the location and size of the liver. Which type of anatomical study is being performed?
During a physical examination, a doctor uses palpation to assess the location and size of the liver. Which type of anatomical study is being performed?
A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is known as which of the following?
A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is known as which of the following?
In the anatomical position, which of the following statements are correct of the palms?
In the anatomical position, which of the following statements are correct of the palms?
Which anatomical term describes a structure that is located nearer to the head?
Which anatomical term describes a structure that is located nearer to the head?
Considering a patient lying supine, which directional term accurately describes the relationship of the diaphragm to the heart?
Considering a patient lying supine, which directional term accurately describes the relationship of the diaphragm to the heart?
A surgeon makes an incision on the ventral surface of a patient's forearm, closer to the wrist than the elbow. Which combination of directional terms accurately describes the incision's location?
A surgeon makes an incision on the ventral surface of a patient's forearm, closer to the wrist than the elbow. Which combination of directional terms accurately describes the incision's location?
During a physical therapy session, a patient is asked to move their arm away from the midline of their body. Which movement is the patient performing?
During a physical therapy session, a patient is asked to move their arm away from the midline of their body. Which movement is the patient performing?
A gymnast performing on the balance beam rotates their leg so that their toes point outward, away from the midline. What specific type of rotation is occurring at the hip joint?
A gymnast performing on the balance beam rotates their leg so that their toes point outward, away from the midline. What specific type of rotation is occurring at the hip joint?
Following a bicep curl, a weightlifter slowly returns the barbell to the starting position. What type of movement is primarily responsible for controlling the descent of the weight?
Following a bicep curl, a weightlifter slowly returns the barbell to the starting position. What type of movement is primarily responsible for controlling the descent of the weight?
In a whiplash injury, the head is suddenly thrown forward and then backward. The backward motion primarily involves which movement?
In a whiplash injury, the head is suddenly thrown forward and then backward. The backward motion primarily involves which movement?
A doctor is explaining to a patient that their calf muscle attaches to the heel bone via a strong connective tissue. What is the correct anatomical term for this type of attachment?
A doctor is explaining to a patient that their calf muscle attaches to the heel bone via a strong connective tissue. What is the correct anatomical term for this type of attachment?
A patient has lost sensation in their left hand after an injury. Which type of nerve is most likely affected?
A patient has lost sensation in their left hand after an injury. Which type of nerve is most likely affected?
Why is an anastomosis important in the circulatory system?
Why is an anastomosis important in the circulatory system?
A bone fracture is described as involving a prominent rounded projection on the femur just above a condyle. Which anatomical term best describes this feature?
A bone fracture is described as involving a prominent rounded projection on the femur just above a condyle. Which anatomical term best describes this feature?
Flashcards
Anatomy
Anatomy
The science dealing with the structure of the human body.
Gross Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
Study of structures using embalmed dead bodies.
Living Anatomy
Living Anatomy
Study of structures on living human beings.
Histology
Histology
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Embryology
Embryology
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Anatomical Position
Anatomical Position
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Supine Position
Supine Position
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Median Plane
Median Plane
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Anterior
Anterior
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Superior
Superior
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Proximal
Proximal
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Distal
Distal
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Flexion
Flexion
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Extension
Extension
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Abduction
Abduction
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Adduction
Adduction
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Motor Nerves
Motor Nerves
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Sensory Nerves
Sensory Nerves
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Arteries
Arteries
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Veins
Veins
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Study Notes
Introduction to Anatomical Terms & Planes
- Anatomy is the science of human body structure
- It forms the foundation of medical practices
- It introduces medical terminology
- Anatomy definition: 'ana' (Greek for up) + 'tome' (Greek for cut) = cutting up
Subdivisions of Anatomy
- Gross (cadaveric) anatomy: Study of external and internal body structures in embalmed dead bodies
- Regional: Studying structures by regions of the body (limbs, thorax, abdomen, head, neck, brain)
- Systemic: Studying by organ systems (e.g., skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, respiratory, digestive)
- Splanchnology: Study of internal organs
- Living anatomy: Studying structures on living humans
- Includes methods like inspection, palpation, auscultation, endoscopy (bronchoscopy, gastroscopy), radiography, and ECG
Histology/Microscopic Anatomy
- Detailed study of tissues using a microscope
Embryology (Developmental Anatomy)
- The study of prenatal changes & development
Neuroanatomy
- Focuses on the structure and organization of the nervous system
Topographic Anatomy (Surface Anatomy)
- Studying deep body structures in relation to the skin's surface
Radiographic & Imaging Anatomy
- Examining structures via plain or contrast radiography, CT scans
Applied (Clinical) Anatomy
- Applying anatomical knowledge to medical and surgical practices
Descriptive Terms
- Anatomical position: Person stands erect, facing forward, with arms at sides and palms forward, feet together
- Directional terms: These describe the position of one body part relative to another (superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial, deep, external, internal, ipsilateral, contralateral)
- Positions: Different body positions, such as supine, prone, and lithotomy
Terms Describing Movements at Joints
- Flexion: Decreasing the angle at a joint
- Extension: Increasing the angle at a joint
- Abduction: Moving away from the midline
- Adduction: Moving towards the midline
- Rotation: Movement around a central axis
- Medial rotation: Rotation towards the midline
- Lateral rotation: Rotation away from the midline
- Circumduction: Circular movement combining flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction
- Protraction: Moving a body part forward
- Retraction: Moving a body part backward
Terms Related to Muscle
- Origin: Attachment of a muscle to the more stationary bone
- Insertion: Attachment of a muscle to the bone that moves
- Belly: Contractile part of the muscle
- Tendon: Fibrous, non-contractile part attaching to bone
- Aponeurosis: Flattened sheet of tissues attaching muscle to bone/skin
Terms Related to Nerve Supply
- Motor (efferent) nerves: Carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles
- Sensory (afferent) nerves: Carry signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system
- Central nervous system (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Nerves branching from the CNS to various parts of the body
- Autonomic nerves: Control involuntary functions
Terms Related to Vessels
- Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (exceptions: umbilical artery, pulmonary artery)
- Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart (exceptions?)
- Arterioles: Small branches of arteries in tissues
- Venules: Small vessels connecting capillaries to veins
- Capillaries: Microscopic vessels connecting arterioles and venules
- Anastomoses: Connections between neighboring blood vessels
Terms Used for Describing Bone Features
- Elevations: Protrusions (tubercle, tuberosity, condyle, epicondyle, malleolus)
- Depressions: Cavities (fossa, groove, notch)
- Openings: Holes (foramen, canal)
- Cavities: Spaces (sinuses)
Basic Tissues of the Body
- Cells: Fundamental units of structure and function (epithelial cells, muscle cells, neurons, connective tissue cells, cartilage cells, bone cells)
- Tissues: Group of cells performing specific functions. Four primary types: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
Organ Systems
- Organs: Composed of different tissues forming functional units (Heart, Lungs, Kidneys).
- Organ Systems: Groups of organs working together to perform a function (GI system, Respiratory system, Cardiovascular system, etc.)
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Description
Explore the basics of anatomy, including its subdivisions like gross, living, histology, and embryology. Learn how anatomical terms and planes form the foundation for medical practices. Understand regional and systemic approaches.
