Introduction to Anatomical Planes PDF

Introduction to Anatomical terms & Planes organ systems (a) Dr. Naveen Kumar RAKCOMS  Medicine speaks in the language of Anatomy Anatomy – Science which deals with the structure of human body  Forms foundation of the...

Introduction to Anatomical terms & Planes organ systems (a) Dr. Naveen Kumar RAKCOMS  Medicine speaks in the language of Anatomy Anatomy – Science which deals with the structure of human body  Forms foundation of the whole art of medicine  Introduces various medical terminology Definition - anatome (gk) = up (ana) + cut (tome)= cutting up  Subdivisions of anatomy Gross (cadaveric) anatomy- Study of structure of parts on embalmed dead bodies-. It can be done by  Region wise (like upper limb, lower limb, thorax, abdomen, head & neck and Brain)  Systemic wise- like skeletal system (osteology), muscular (myology), Nervous system (neurology), Respiratory, digestive system etc (splanchnology) Living anatomy- studied on living human beings - By inspection, palpation, auscultation, endoscopy bronchoscopy, gastroscopy etc - Radiography, ECG etc  Histology /Microscopic anatomy – Study of tissues of the body with the aid of microscope Embryology (Developmental anatomy) –study of prenatal developmental changes Neuroanatomy – Study of structure and organization of nervous system  Topographic anatomy(Surface anatomy)- study of deep parts of body in relation to the skin surface Radiographic & imaging anatomy- by means of plain or contrast radiography, CT scans Applied (clinical) anatomy: application of anatomical knowledge to the medical & surgical practice  Descriptive terms Position of body; Anatomical position : Person is standing straight with eyes look straight to the front Both arms by the side of body Palms facing forwards, both feet together  Supine position (recumbent) – person is lying on her/his back, arms by the side , palms facing upwards Prone position: person is lying on his/her face, chest & abdomen Lithotomy position person is lying on her back with legs up and feet supported in straps  Body planes and sections : - Cut into sections along a flat surface called a plane Median / Mid sagittal plane – Plane passing through the centre of the body dividing it into Rt & Lt halves Sagittal plane:- Plane parallel to median plane Coronal plane:- Plane right angles to sagittal / median plane- divides body into anterior & posterior halves Transverse plane:- Plane right angles to sagittal & coronal plane  Terms of relationship Anterior (Ventral)- in front  Nearest to front surface of the body Posterior (Dorsal) – behind  Near to the back surface of the body Superior (Cranial / cephalic) – Towards the head Inferior (Caudal) – Nearer to the feet Medial – Nearer to the median plane Lateral – Away from the median plane In the hand- ‘dorsal’ replaces posterior, ‘Palmar’ replaces anterior In the foot- Superior surface -dorsum of the foot. ‘Plantar’ replaces inferior surface  Terms of comparison Proximal – Nearer to the trunk / point of origin Distal – Away from the trunk / point of origin Superficial – towards the surface Deep – Farther from (inner to) the surface External – outside /on the exterior Internal – inside /in the interior Central – nearer to /towards the center Peripheral – away from the central Ipsilateral – on the same side of the body Contralateral – on the opposite side of the body  Terms describing movements at joints  Flexion – Decrease in angle between articulating bones  Extension – Increase in angle between articulating bones  Abduction – moving away from the median plane  Adduction – moving toward the median plane  Rotation – moving along the long axis  Medial rotation – Anterior surface of bone of limb turned towards midline  Lateral rotation – Anterior surface of bone of limb turned away from midline Circumduction – circular movement combining flexion, abduction, extension, adduction Protrusion- Moving forward (anteriorly) Retraction – Moving backward (posteriorly)  Terms related to muscle Origin – Insertion- Belly – fleshy and contractile part of a muscle Tendon – the fibrous, non contractile part of the muscle Aponeurosis – flattened sheet of dense connective tissue which attaches the muscle to bone/skin  Terms related to nerve supply Motor (efferent) nerves- For the movement Sensory (Afferent) nerves /cutaneous nerves- for sensory perception Central nervous system – Brain & spinal cord Peripheral nervous system- Peripheral nerves (cranial & spinal nerves) and autonomic nerves  Terms related to vessels Arteries – carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (exception: umbilical artery, pulmonary artery) Veins – carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart (Exception?) Arterioles – smallest branches of the arteries within the tissue Venules – minute vessels in the tissue which join to form vein Capillaries – minute vessels connecting arterioles & venules Anastamoses- communication between the neighboring vessels  Terms used for describing bone features Elevations- may be tubercle, tuberosity, condyle (/epicondyle), malleolus, Depressions – may be a fovea, fossa, groove or notch Openings – may be foramen or canal Cavities within the bone – sinus  Basic tissues of the body Structural organization of human body 1. Cells- structural and functional units of the body Eg: epithelial cells, muscle cells (myocytes), neurons (nerve cells), connective tissue cells (fibroblasts), cartilage cells (chondrocytes), bone cells (osteocytes…) 2. Tissues: Group of cells with similar structure & function a) Epithelial tissue b) Connective tissue c) Muscular tissue d) Neural tissue Specialized connective tissues- Bone, cartilage, blood 3. Organs: Different types of basic tissues make up an organ Eg : Heart, Kidney, Lungs 4. Organ system: Group of organs work together to perform a specific function Eg: Gastrointestinal system, Respiratory system, cardiovascular system….. Organ system