Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of joint is described as 'SYNOVIAL' in the provided text?

Joints

In the context of cell transport, what distinguishes facilitated diffusion from simple diffusion?

Facilitated diffusion requires a protein carrier or selective channel.

Define selective permeability in the context of the plasma membrane.

Selective permeability allows some substances to pass through while excluding others.

What is the primary driving force behind filtration as a membrane transport process?

Fluid or hydrostatic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic that differentiates active transport from passive transport processes?

Active transport requires energy input from the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?

The pleural cavity and the mediastinum. Signup and view all the answers

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavities?

The diaphragm. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of serous fluid in the body cavities?

It separates the parietal and visceral serosae, reducing friction between moving organs. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the contents of the abdominal cavity.

The stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs. Signup and view all the answers

Describe what the visceral serosa covers.

The visceral serosa covers the internal organs. Signup and view all the answers

What defines an organ at the organ level of structural organization?

An organ is composed of two or more different types of tissue that perform similar functions and generally have recognizable shapes. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the organismal level of structural organization.

The organismal level is the largest level of organization, consisting of all systems working together to form a complete living entity. Signup and view all the answers

How does gross anatomy differ from microscopic anatomy?

Gross anatomy deals with structures visible to the naked eye, while microscopic anatomy focuses on structures at the cellular and tissue levels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of physiology in relation to anatomy?

Physiology concerns the processes and functions of body parts, explaining how they work in relation to their anatomical structures. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'anterior' refer to in anatomical terminology?

Anterior refers to being nearer to or at the front of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'chemical level' in the context of structural organization?

The chemical level refers to the smallest components, including atoms and molecules, that are essential for life and form the basis of all biological structures. Signup and view all the answers

How is the term 'medial' defined in anatomy?

Medial is defined as being closer to the mid-line of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes 'superficial' from 'deep' in anatomical terms?

Superficial refers to being closer to the surface, while deep means further from the surface. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the tissue level of structural organization.

The tissue level is made up of groups of similar cells and their surrounding materials, working together to perform specific functions. Signup and view all the answers

What are directional terms, and why are they important in anatomy?

Directional terms are used to describe the locations and positions of body structures in relation to one another, which aids in clarity and precision during anatomical discussions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the dorsal cavity?

The dorsal cavity protects the nervous system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the anatomical position in the study of human anatomy?

The anatomical position provides a standardized reference point for describing the location and orientation of body parts, ensuring consistency in anatomical terminology. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of the ventral cavity.

The ventral cavity houses internal organs, also known as viscera. Signup and view all the answers

Define the sagittal plane and its associated movements.

The sagittal plane divides the body into right and left parts, allowing for flexion and extension movements. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'lateral' mean in anatomical terms?

Lateral means further away from the mid-line. Signup and view all the answers

What is an intermediate position in anatomy?

An intermediate position is between two structures. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes smooth muscle cells from skeletal muscle cells?

Smooth muscle cells are long, spindle-shaped, non-striated, and involuntary, while skeletal muscle cells are long, multinucleated, striated, and voluntary. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the composition of bone tissue.

Bone tissue consists of living cells, specifically osteocytes, embedded in a mineralized matrix of calcium and phosphorus. Signup and view all the answers

What is fibrocartilage and where is it commonly found?

Fibrocartilage is a strong type of cartilage that contains more collagen and is commonly found in intervertebral disks. Signup and view all the answers

How do chondrocytes function within cartilage?

Chondrocytes are specialized cells that maintain and produce the extracellular matrix of cartilage, contributing to its flexibility and strength. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neuroglia in nervous tissue?

Neuroglia are supporting cells in nervous tissue that nourish, protect, and insulate neurons. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?

Cardiac muscle cells are striated, uninucleated, and cylindrical, with branches that connect to each other via intercalated disks. Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences between compact bone and spongy bone?

Compact bone is dense and provides strength, whereas spongy bone is lighter and contains a network of trabecular, providing structural support. Signup and view all the answers

What functions do the dendrites and axon serve in a neuron?

Dendrites receive signals from other neurons, while the axon transmits impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?

Mitochondria are the major site of ATP production, often referred to as the power house of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between osmosis and diffusion.

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane, while diffusion refers to the movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

In a hypertonic solution, a cell will shrink due to the movement of water out of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

The Golgi apparatus collects, modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum. Signup and view all the answers

How do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion differ?

Simple diffusion does not require protein carriers, while facilitated diffusion uses specific protein carriers to help move molecules across the membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary types of bulk transport mechanisms?

The primary types of bulk transport mechanisms are exocytosis, which moves substances out of the cell, and endocytosis, which engulfs substances into the cell. Signup and view all the answers

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of molecules, resulting in faster diffusion rates. Signup and view all the answers

What are cilia and what is their function?

Cilia are hair-like structures that move materials along the surface of cells. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the structure and function of stratified epithelial tissue.

Stratified epithelial tissue consists of multiple layers of cells, providing protection and enabling the division of cells at deeper layers. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes connective tissue from other tissue types?

Connective tissue is characterized by a large amount of extracellular matrix containing fibers and ground substances that support and bind other tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the main functions of lysosomes.

Lysosomes contain enzymes that function as an intracellular digestive system, breaking down waste materials and cellular debris. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a hypotonic solution have on cells?

A hypotonic solution causes cells to swell as water enters the cell due to a lower concentration of solutes outside. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis and storage of calcium ions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

Transitional epithelium consists of several layers of cells that can stretch, allowing it to line cavities that can expand, such as the urinary bladder. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Organ Level

Composed of two or more tissue types performing similar functions.

System Level

Consists of related organs that work together for a common function.