Anatomy and Physiology Overview

Chromatin and DNA Packaging

• Chromatin packages DNA to fit into the cell nucleus.

Cellular Chemical Reactions

• Chemical reactions happen in the mitochondria.

Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy studies body structure.
• Physiology studies how organisms function.
• Studies how diseases and disorders arise.

Types of Tissues

• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous

Connective Tissue Examples

• Bone
• Blood
• Cartilage

Body Organization

• Cells make up tissues,
• Tissues make up organs,
• Organs make up systems,
• Systems make up the whole organism.

Anatomical Directions

• Frontal: Divides front and back.
• Transverse: Divides top and bottom.
• Medial: Towards the center.
• Proximal: Closer to the body.
• Midsagittal: Divides left and right.
• Supine: Lying face up.
• Prone: Lying face down.

Body Cavities

• Thoracic: Contains the heart and lungs.
• Abdominal: Contains the stomach and liver.
• Pelvic: Contains reproductive organs.

Endocrine System Role

• Controls brain and nervous system development.
• Controls reproductive system growth and function.

Skeletal System

• Bones provide structure to the body.

Muscular System

• Involved in movement, support, protection, heat generation, and blood circulation.

Nervous System

• Responsible for complex interactions like personality, intellect, coordination, and other characteristics.

Integumentary System

• Acts as a physical barrier protecting against bacteria, infection, injury, and sunlight.

Skin Layers

• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Hypodermis

Inherited Disease Example

• Psoriasis (red/silver patches).

Open Wound

• Ulcer.

Other Related Conditions

• Yellowish -jaundice
• Bluish-cyanosis
• Red erythema

Types of Skin Cancer

• Melanoma - (worst type of skin cancer)
• Baby's Skull Soft Spot: Fontanelle

Axial Skeleton

• Skull
• Ribs
• Spine

Rib Types

• True (vertebrosternal)
• False (vertebrochondral)
• Floating (vertebral)

Cranial Bones

• Sutures join the cranial bones together.

Jawbones

• Maxilla (upper jaw)
• Mandible (lower jaw).

Bone Names

• Tibia (shin bone)
• Radius (lower arm bone, thumb side)
• Fibula (lower leg bone)

Vertebra Types

• Cervical
• Thoracic
• Lumbar

Bone Condition

• Osteoporosis - develops holes in bone that can break.

Types of Muscles

• Skeletal
• Smooth
• Cardiac

Voluntary Muscle

• Skeletal.

Muscle Attachment

• Tendons connect muscles to bones

Muscle Origin and Insertion

• Origin (end of muscle that doesn't move)
• Insertion (end of muscle moving during contraction).

Muscle Excitation and Function

• Excitability (responds to stimuli)
• Contractility (shortens forcefully)
• Elasticity (returns to shape)
• Extensibility (stretches)

Muscle Motility Directions

• Adduction (Toward the body)
• Abduction (Away from the body)
• Rotation (around an axis)
• Circumduction (Circular motion)
• Extension (straightening)

Muscle Conditions

• Fibromyalgia (pain in muscle fibers)
• Muscular dystrophy (groups of diseases).

Nervous System Structure

• Neuron (basic structural unit).

Neuron Parts

• Dendrites (carry impulses to cell body)

Brain Lobes and Functions

• Frontal Lobe (motor control, thinking, memory, reasoning, self control, social expectations, planning, abstract thinking).

Additional Brain Functions

• Regulates heartbeat, breathing, swallowing, blood pressure (Brainstem, Medulla Oblongata)
• Cerebrum (Thought, judgment, reasoning, memory, speech, voluntary movement)

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

• Shock absorber for the brain

Protective Meninges

• Dura mater
• Arachnoid
• Pia Mater

Medical Term for Balance

• Homeostasis

Types of Paralysis

• Monoplegia (single limb)
• Hemiplegia (one side of the body)
• Paraplegia (lower half of the body)
• Quadriplegia/Tetraplegia (all four limbs)

Stroke

• Cerebrovascular accident (blocked blood flow to brain).

Eye Parts and Functions

• Retina (innermost layer of eye)
• Lens (transparent light entry)
• Aqueous humor (clear watery fluid)
• Vitreous humor (jelly-like substance)