Intro to Biology 3 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What's the difference between anaphase I and anaphase II?

In anaphase I of meiosis, the homologous chromosomes separate from each other. In anaphase II, the centromere splits and the replicated chromosomes separate from each other.

The formula for photosynthesis is ___

6 CO2 + 6 H2O ---> SUN ---> C6H12O6 + 6O2

The process of cellular respiration can be summarized by the equation ___

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ---> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP

The products of photosynthesis are the reactants for cellular respiration.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is a phenotype?

A phenotype is what the genes look like, such as a tall person versus a short person. Signup and view all the answers

What is a genotype?

A genotype is the actual genetic makeup, such as TT, Tt, or tt for height traits. Signup and view all the answers

A bonds to G and C bonds to T in DNA pairs.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does 1 NADH produce?

3 ATP Signup and view all the answers

What does 1 FADH produce?

2 ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is non-disjunction?

Non-disjunction is a mistake during anaphase where too many chromosomes go to one side. Signup and view all the answers

What is crossing over?

Crossing over is the normal process of mixing chromosomes in sperm and egg during meiosis. Signup and view all the answers

What are cells that divide by mitosis used for?

Repair, growth, asexual reproduction, replacement, cancer. Signup and view all the answers

Cancer is caused when mitosis occurs uncontrollably.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the light energy relation between white and blue light?

White light has more energy than blue light because it contains all colors. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during anaphase II?

The centromere splits. Signup and view all the answers

What is tetrad formation?

Tetrad formation occurs during prophase I of meiosis, where homologous chromosomes pair up. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'nondisjunction' refer to in meiosis?

Nondisjunction is when chromosomes fail to separate properly in anaphase. Signup and view all the answers

Where does meiosis occur in the body?

Meiosis occurs only in the ovaries and testes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the law of dominance?

If there is at least one dominant trait, it will show through. Signup and view all the answers

What is the law of segregation?

When sex cells are created, they form haploid cells by splitting alleles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the law of independent assortment?

It deals with two separate genes and creates every possible outcome. Signup and view all the answers

What are the phases of meiosis?

DNA replication, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, cytokinesis. Signup and view all the answers

What does mitosis refer to?

Mitosis is the process of cell division for growth and repair. Signup and view all the answers

What is benign cancer?

Benign cancer is slow growing but may grow faster during secondary stages. Signup and view all the answers

What is malignant cancer?

Malignant cancer grows faster and is more dangerous. Signup and view all the answers

What is a metastatic tumor?

A metastatic tumor occurs when cells break off and spread through the blood to another location. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Division

Anaphase I separates homologous chromosomes; Anaphase II splits centromeres of replicated chromosomes.
Mitosis happens for repair, growth, asexual reproduction, replacement, and cancer.
Nondisjunction errors can occur during any anaphase, leading to conditions like Turner’s and Down syndrome.
Mitosis is responsible for somatic cells; meiosis occurs only in ovaries and testes.

Genetics

Phenotype is the observable traits determined by genotype; dominant traits mask recessive traits.
Genotypes indicate allele combinations: TT (homozygous dominant), Tt (heterozygous), and tt (homozygous recessive).
Law of dominance states that one dominant allele will express the trait; law of segregation divides alleles during gamete formation.
Law of independent assortment applies to multiple genes, producing various combinations.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis formula: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6 O2.
Cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen into energy: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP.
Reactants of photosynthesis are products of cellular respiration, demonstrating their interdependence.

Energy Transfer

First law of thermodynamics states energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
Second law states useful energy decreases with each transfer, often lost as waste heat.

Chromosomal Conditions

Trisomy occurs with excess chromosomes, commonly linked to maternal age.
Trisomy 18 is known as Edward's syndrome; Trisomy 21 is Down syndrome.
Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY) results in male features with abnormalities, while Turner syndrome (X_) leads to female sterility.

Meiosis

Meiosis phases include DNA replication, prophase I (tetrad formation and crossing over), metaphase I, anaphase I, and culminate in telophase II.
Crossing over mixes parental genes, ensuring genetic diversity during gamete formation.

Cancer

Cancer arises when cells grow uncontrollably due to reduced growth inhibitors; primary tumors are addressed with surgery, while secondary tumors are often more challenging.
Benign tumors grow slowly, while malignant tumors grow rapidly and are more dangerous.
Metastatic tumors occur when cancer cells spread through the bloodstream.

Light and Energy

White light contains more energy than blue light as it encompasses all colors; individual colors contain less energy.

ATP and Cellular Metabolism

One NADH produces three ATP; one FADH generates two ATP during cellular respiration processes.

Additional Concepts

Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell division where the cytoplasm splits.
Crossing over errors involve genetic material misplacement during meiosis, leading to potential gender confusion due to SRY gene misplacement.
Each gamete is haploid; diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards on key concepts in biology, including differences in meiosis phases and photosynthesis equations. Perfect for students preparing for exams in introductory biology courses.