Biology Flashcards: Plant Life Cycle

Questions and Answers

The stages in the life cycle of a plant are separated from each other through the processes of _____.

meiosis and fertilization

Which of the following is true for all members of the plant kingdom?

All plants are photosynthetic (correct)

All plants have seeds

All plants contain vascular tissue

All plants are autotrophic

What does it mean that plants are autotrophic?

Plants are able to produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis.

Which of the following groups of plants were the first to contain vascular tissues and microphylls?

Lycophytes Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the evolutionary origins of plants?

Land plants evolved from an aquatic ancestor closely related to today's Charophytes, roughly 700 million years ago. Signup and view all the answers

The haploid stage of the plant life cycle is referred to as its _ stage, while the diploid stage is referred to as its ____ stage.

gametophyte; sporophyte Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristics define the members of the plant kingdom?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Plants are _____________ meaning they can produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis.

autotrophic or autotrophs Signup and view all the answers

What are mosses?

Most primitive of plants; lack vascular tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What are lycophytes?

Contain vascular tissues and small leaves called microphylls. Signup and view all the answers

What are ferns?

Contain vascular tissue and large leaves called megaphylls. Signup and view all the answers

What are gymnosperms?

Contain vascular tissues, megaphylls, and seeds. Signup and view all the answers

What are angiosperms?

Contain vascular tissues, megaphylls, seeds, and flowers. Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms are most closely related to the ancestors of land plants?

The aquatic algal Charophytes. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the alternation of generations in a plant's life cycle?

The sporophyte stage consists of fertilization through the development of diploid mature adults through mitosis, while the gametophyte stage consists of meiosis through the formation of haploid egg and sperm cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which statements have correctly matched the classification of plant with its evolutionary advantage?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What happens after one sperm fertilizes one egg of the embryo sac?

Double fertilization occurs and a diploid zygote and triploid endosperm are formed. Signup and view all the answers

The process that plants go through as they cycle between a haploid gametophyte stage and a diploid sporophyte stage is called _____.

the alternation of generations Signup and view all the answers

Within the angiosperm life cycle, the mature adult plant represents the _ stage and the pollen grains and embryo sac represent the __ stage.

sporophyte; gametophyte Signup and view all the answers

Within a flower, the pollen grains represent the (male/female) portion and the ovule within the ovary represents the (male/female) portion.

male; female Signup and view all the answers

Select all of the following that represent female portions of the angiosperm life cycle.

The megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce four megaspores. Signup and view all the answers

How is a triploid endosperm produced?

A second sperm fertilizes two extra nuclei within the ovule, creating the triploid endosperm. Signup and view all the answers

Within chloroplasts, membranous discs called _______ contain chlorophyll and other pigments to trap the sun's energy.

thylakoids or thylakoid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following list of molecules are involved in photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide gas Signup and view all the answers

Select all processes that occur during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.

Energy is captured and transferred to ATP and NADPH. Signup and view all the answers

Stacks of thylakoid discs are called _____

grana Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

They occur in the stroma of chloroplasts. Signup and view all the answers

Select all of the following products of photosynthesis.

Glucose sugar Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Calvin cycle' refer to?

The fixation of carbon dioxide gas into carbohydrate molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Select all products that are produced by plants.

Chemical compounds, including tannins, alkaloids, and phenols. Signup and view all the answers

Where do compounds like fibers, oils, and various chemical compounds come from?

The glucose products of photosynthesis are used as building blocks for these compounds. Intermediate byproducts of photosynthesis are converted into these compounds. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Plant Life Cycle

Stages are separated by meiosis and fertilization.
The haploid stage is called the gametophyte stage; the diploid stage is the sporophyte stage.

Plant Kingdom Characteristics

All plants are photosynthetic, converting carbon dioxide into sugars using sunlight.
Plants are multicellular, eukaryotic, and have membrane-bound organelles.

Types of Plants

Mosses: Most primitive, lack vascular tissues.
Lycophytes: First to have vascular tissues and microphylls (small leaves).
Ferns: Contain vascular tissue and megaphylls (large leaves).
Gymnosperms: Feature vascular tissues, megaphylls, and seeds.
Angiosperms: Possess vascular tissues, megaphylls, seeds, and flowers.

Evolutionary Origins

Land plants evolved from aquatic ancestors, particularly from Charophytes, around 700 million years ago.

Alternation of Generations

Involves the sporophyte stage developing through fertilization and mitosis, and the gametophyte stage forming through meiosis.

Fertilization and Development

Double fertilization leads to one diploid zygote and one triploid endosperm, which provides nourishment.
Within angiosperms, pollen grains represent the male part, while ovules in the ovary signify the female part.

Photosynthesis Process

Occurs in chloroplasts, where thylakoids contain chlorophyll for trapping sunlight.
Light-independent reactions convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates, utilizing ATP and NADPH formed during light-dependent reactions.
The Calvin cycle best describes the fixation of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.

Products of Photosynthesis

End products include glucose and oxygen.
Plants also produce various chemical compounds, fibers, and oils from glucose and intermediate byproducts of photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis Molecules

Involves carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP energy.
Stacks of thylakoid discs are called grana.

Female Reproductive Structures in Angiosperms

Megaspore mother cells undergo meiosis to form megaspores.
The gametophyte consists of an egg and two extra nuclei, aiding in reproduction.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the stages in the life cycle of plants with these flashcards. Explore concepts such as meiosis, fertilization, and the autotrophic nature of plants. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of plant biology.