60 Questions
What is the aim of Dr. Tamara Alqudah's experiment?
To study the effect of acetylcholine and atropine on smooth muscle contraction in the small intestine
What does the tension transducer do in the experiment?
Converts the mechanical signal from small intestine contractions to an electric signal
What is essential to maintain the viability of the small intestine tissue in the organ bath?
Maintaining warm (37oC) oxygenated buffer
What does the special software used in the experiment do?
Displays a simple graph of tension versus time
What is the purpose of allowing the muscle to rest for 15-20 minutes before recording tension?
To recover normal function after being handled
What is used to connect small pieces of the small intestine to a glass hook in the organ bath?
Thread
What is the role of slow waves in gastrointestinal contractions?
Setting the maximum frequency at which contraction can occur
What is the frequency of slow waves in the ileum of humans?
8-9/minute
What causes the appearance of spike potentials in smooth muscle cells?
Slow waves
What is the function of atropine in the experiment mentioned?
Inhibits the contractile effect of acetylcholine
What is the role of muscarinic receptors in the effect of acetylcholine on intestinal smooth muscle cells?
Mediating the contractile effect of ACh
What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the small intestine?
Acetylcholine
What is responsible for promoting increased contractile force in the small intestine?
Acetylcholine
What is the function of enteric neurons and parasympathetic neurons in relation to acetylcholine secretion?
Promote increased contractile force
What does atropine act as, with respect to acetylcholine at muscarinic receptor sites?
Competitive antagonist
What is the purpose of connecting the small intestine to a tension transducer in the experiment?
To convert the mechanical signal from the contraction of the small intestine to an electric signal
What is the significance of allowing the muscle to rest for 15-20 minutes before recording tension in the experiment?
To recover normal function of the muscle after being handled
What is the primary function of atropine added to the organ bath in the experiment?
To block the effect of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptor sites
What occurs as a result of adding acetylcholine to the organ bath in the experiment?
Promotion of increased contractile force in the small intestine
What is the role of the glass hook in the experiment?
To hang small pieces of the small intestine vertically
What is crucial to maintaining the viability of the tissue in the organ bath during the experiment?
Oxygenated buffer at warm temperature
What is the main role of the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the gastrointestinal tract?
Generating slow waves for smooth muscle cells
What is the specific effect of atropine on the contractile force of the small intestine?
Reduces the frequency of slow waves
What leads to the appearance of spike potentials in smooth muscle cells?
Transient membrane depolarization
What is responsible for promoting increased contractile force in the small intestine?
Acetylcholine acting through muscarinic receptors
What is the specific function of acetylcholine in the small intestine?
Enhancing contractile force through muscarinic receptors
What determines the maximum frequency at which contraction can occur at a particular site in the gastrointestinal tract?
The frequency of slow waves
What is the specific effect of slow waves on the contraction of smooth muscle fibers in the small intestine?
Setting the maximum frequency for contraction
The tension transducer in the experiment converts the mechanical signal generated by the contraction of the small intestine to an electric signal.
True
The small pieces of the small intestine are hanged vertically by a thread to a glass hook in the organ bath.
True
Acetylcholine promotes the modification of contractions in the small intestine.
True
The software used in the experiment is capable of displaying a simple graph of tension versus time.
True
The viability of the tissue is maintained by warm, oxygenated buffer in the organ bath.
True
Atropine has no effect on the contraction of the small intestine.
False
Acetylcholine promotes increased contractile force in the small intestine primarily by increasing the frequency of slow waves.
False
Slow waves are undulating changes in the resting membrane potential that occur at the same frequency throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract.
False
The primary function of atropine added to the organ bath in the experiment is to promote increased contractile force in the small intestine.
False
The slow wave potential needs to rise above -40mV for the spike potentials to appear in smooth muscle cells.
True
The rhythm of gastrointestinal contractions is mainly determined by the frequency of spike potentials.
False
The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are believed to act as electrical pacemakers for smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract.
True
The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the small intestine is norepinephrine.
False
Stimulation by stretch, acetylcholine, and some GI hormones, leads to the appearance of spike potentials in smooth muscle cells.
True
The increase in contractile force in the small intestine due to acetylcholine is mediated through nicotinic receptors.
False
Atropine acts as a competitive antagonist of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptor sites in the small intestine.
False
Atropine is added to the organ bath before acetylcholine in the experiment.
True
The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the small intestine is acetylcholine.
False
The increase in contractile force in the small intestine due to acetylcholine is mediated through nicotinic receptors.
False
Atropine has no effect on the contraction of the small intestine.
False
The software used in the experiment is not capable of displaying a simple graph of tension versus time.
False
The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are believed to act as electrical pacemakers for smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract.
True
The slow waves in the small intestine are determined mainly by the frequency of the 'slow waves'.
True
The frequency of slow waves in the small intestine is 12/minute in the duodenum and 8-9/minute in the ileum.
True
Acetylcholine promotes increased contractile force in the small intestine due to an increase in the number of spikes, not in the frequency of slow waves.
True
Atropine acts as a competitive antagonist of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptor in the small intestine.
True
The increase in contractile force in the small intestine due to acetylcholine is mediated through nicotinic receptors.
False
The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the small intestine is norepinephrine.
False
The role of muscarinic receptors in the effect of acetylcholine on intestinal smooth muscle cells is essential for promoting increased contractile force.
True
Slow waves need to rise above -40mV for spike potentials to appear in smooth muscle cells.
True
Atropine has no effect on the contraction of the small intestine.
False
The rhythm of gastrointestinal contractions is mainly determined by the frequency of spike potentials.
False
Explore the experimental investigation of smooth muscle contraction in the small intestine, focusing on rhythmical contractions and the effects of acetylcholine and atropine. Learn about the use of tension transducers, organ baths, data acquisition systems, and glass hooks in the experiment.
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