Intestinal Immunity Regulation by Protozoa Review
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Questions and Answers

Name three types of protozoa discussed in the text that regulate intestinal immunity.

Blastocystis spp., Tritrichomonas spp., Toxoplasma gondii

What is the major focus of the review discussed in the text?

Role of different cell types and immune mediators triggered by protozoa

What has knowledge about the interface between the host intestinal mucosa and the gut microbiome been dominated by in the last decade?

Bacterial communities, helminth parasites, and intestinal viruses

What is less well studied according to the text?

<p>How commensal and pathogenic protozoa regulate intestinal immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the publication date of the reviewed article mentioned in the text?

<p>16 September 2022</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what license was the article distributed?

<p>Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Zierdt et al. reclassify Blastocystis as in 1967?

<p>Protist</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of proinflammatory cytokines does Blastocystis induce?

<p>Type 1 proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-g, IL-12, and TNF-a</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the current classification of Blastocystis based on various observations over the decades?

<p>Anaerobic, non-invasive protist</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the association between Blastocystis and goblet cell hyperplasia?

<p>Mild goblet cell hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clade of protists does Blastocystis belong to?

<p>Stramenopiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the essential function of goblet cells in the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>Maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the alteration of host glucose homeostasis by increasing gluconeogenesis and free choline production in the gut?

<p>Phenotypic change</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cytokine is released by tuft cells shortly after T.muris colonization, promoting ILC2 activation and IL-13 secretion?

<p>IL-25</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of process is responsible for the phenotypic change related to increasing gluconeogenesis and free choline production in the gut?

<p>Succinate-independent</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the gut microbiota, investigating the role of commensal protists is important for devising new therapeutic interventions to control which types of diseases?

<p>Inflammatory, pathogenic, and metabolic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Howitt study show that tuft cells release shortly after T.muris colonization?

<p>IL-25</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does T.muris colonization have on the immune potential of the gut?

<p>Skews it toward a Th2 response</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of defensins in controlling Giardia infection?

<p>Defensins, in combination with NO from nitric oxide synthase, act to control Giardia burden and eliminate infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Giardia infection affect mucus production during intestinal infection?

<p>Giardia infection upregulates mucus production during intestinal infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated prevalence of Giardiasis worldwide?

<p>Approximately 280 million new cases are documented every year worldwide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event is associated with the release of chemokines that recruit immune cells during Giardia infection?

<p>The rupture of the epithelial barrier is associated with the release of chemokines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of resident myeloid cells in the context of Giardia infection?

<p>Resident myeloid cells are required for the protective response against Giardia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do immunocompetent individuals typically resolve Giardia infection?

<p>Immunocompetent individuals typically resolve the infection spontaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Paneth cells in the small intestinal crypts?

<p>Paneth cells are masters of the small intestinal crypts and play a role in modulation of immune development and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do tuft cells contribute to intestinal homeostasis?

<p>Tuft cells play a role in regulation of intestinal homeostasis by both innate and adaptive immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the human immune system?

<p>Intraepithelial lymphocytes have both light and dark sides in the human immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Paneth cells and tuft cells contribute to mucosal immunity in the intestine?

<p>Paneth cells and tuft cells both contribute to mucosal immunity against pathogenic intestinal bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of maintaining intestinal homeostasis by mucosal barriers?

<p>Mucosal barriers play a key role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do immune system and intraepithelial lymphocytes interact in the gut?

<p>Intraepithelial lymphocytes interact with the immune system in the gut to maintain intestinal homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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