perfectionism
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Questions and Answers

What was the main focus of the study mentioned in the text?

  • Changing stressors
  • Reducing distractions & distractibility
  • Exercise improvement
  • Perfectionism and psychological distress (correct)

    • Based on the text, why were participants assessed as high in perfectionism?

  • To ensure homogeneous groups
  • To exclude individuals with low perfectionism
  • To compare perfectionists with non-perfectionists
  • To measure the impact of perfectionism on psychological well-being (correct)

    • What was the key reason for comparing CBT to General Stress Management in the study?

  • To assess the impact of perfectionism reduction
  • To investigate the correlation between perfectionism reduction and anxiety
  • To determine the effectiveness of CBT in managing stress
  • To evaluate the psychological improvement between different treatments (correct)

    • In the study, what advantage did comparing GSM to a no-treatment control group provide?

    <p>To indicate the efficacy of GSM in addressing stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was it important to compare CBT to a no-treatment control group in the study?

    <p>To emphasize the role of psychological interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment group had the highest number of participants in the study?

    <p>CBT group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of distress is highlighted as important at post-secondary institutions?

    <p>Perfectionism related distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did CBT participants achieve at posttest, relative to pretest, in the study?

    <p>Significantly lower scores on some measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What benefits did the GSM group experience from the intervention?

    <p>Stress reduction and improved well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is perfectionism related distress considered important at post-secondary institutions?

    <p>As it is linked to elevated depression and anxiety levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group showed significant improvements on fewer measures compared to the CBT participants?

    <p>GSM participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interventions offer benefits related to Self-Oriented Perfectionism measures and anxiety symptoms?

    <p>Stress reduction interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS-HF) mentioned in the text?

    <p>Evaluating three dimensions of perfectionist behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale is specifically designed to assess the fear of anxiety?

    <p>Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory (PCI) mentioned in the text?

    <p>Evaluating frequency of perfectionistic thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inventory focuses on the assessment of depressive symptoms?

    <p>Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CESD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ) primarily assess?

    <p>Automatic negative thoughts about the self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale focuses on assessing the discrepancy between perfectionistic standards and perceived levels of attainment?

    <p>Almost Perfect Scale - Revised (APSR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theme related to reevaluating expectations and the importance of personal choice in the intervention?

    <p>Living in the world of ‘shoulds’</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skill is highlighted to change negative-to-neutral-to-positive moods in the intervention?

    <p>Skills for changing negative-to-neutral-to-positive moods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is recommended for healthier sleep to improve brain function in the intervention?

    <p>Learning progressive relaxation techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theme involves recognizing how certain ways of thinking cause distress in the intervention?

    <p>Working out your mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main focus of the study regarding participants' perfectionism levels?

    <p>To observe changes in perfectionism levels after different treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were individuals randomized into different treatment groups in the study?

    <p>To assess the impact of different interventions on psychological distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant finding regarding psychological improvement in the study?

    <p>Participants in the CBT group experienced greater psychological improvement than those in the GSM or NT group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did CBT differ from GSM in terms of reducing perfectionism according to the study?

    <p>CBT led to reductions in perfectionism correlated with reductions in depression &amp; anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were 141 participants considered eligible for the study initially?

    <p>They had Perfection Cognition Inventory scores greater than 1 SD above the mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to participants who did not complete post-test measures according to the text?

    <p>They were excluded from the analyses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were the final participants distributed across the three treatment groups?

    <p>$n = 29$ in CBT, $n = 26$ in GSM, $n = 22$ in NT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term was created by German philosophers and translated by American psychologist Titchener as 'empathy'?

    <p>Empatheia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Csikzentmihalyi describe the relationship between boring preparation and excitement in life?

    <p>Mastering boring preparation determines how exciting life can be.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the text, what does boredom involve?

    <p>Relinquishing agency and control over situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Motivational Interviewing according to Miller & Rollnick?

    <p>Encouraging individuals to prepare for focused change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does self-awareness play in personal development?

    <p>Self-awareness is essential for conflict resolution and self-acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of someone experiencing flow, according to the text?

    <p>Concentrating on the task-at-hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to a sense of control in individuals experiencing flow?

    <p>Having clear goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential aspect of the action-awareness merge in the context of flow?

    <p>Being spontaneous in actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is confronting the truth of unambiguous feedback emphasized for individuals experiencing flow?

    <p>To enhance self-awareness and performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does time perception differ for someone experiencing flow compared to normal time perception?

    <p>Time passes interestingly and less tediously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of self-empathy in non-violent communication (NVC)?

    <p>Assessing self-awareness through specific questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might people lose self-empathy according to the text?

    <p>To avoid confronting discrepancies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of suppressing discrepancies, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Anxiety-provoking incoherence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do past discrepancies influence individuals according to the text?

    <p>They cause people to become stuck in pessimism and unfinished decision-making instances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does increasing awareness play in addressing discrepancies, as per the text?

    <p>It intensifies the discrepancy experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of reviewing past successes in motivational interviewing?

    <p>Identifying personal strengths and supports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In motivational interviewing, why is it important to ask about the 'whys' and attributes of past successes?

    <p>To understand the root causes of success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common purpose of comparing past and present behaviors in motivational interviewing?

    <p>To identify changes over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is envisioning a changed future important in motivational interviewing?

    <p>To clarify values and goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of asking about personal attributes and resources in motivational interviewing?

    <p>To identify strengths that facilitate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using hypothetical thinking as a technique to facilitate change, what is a common question to ask?

    <p>How might you go about making this change?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of motivational interviewing, what is the significance of the 1-10 mood score mentioned in the text?

    <p>It shows the balance between positive and negative experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is closely related to decisional balance according to the text?

    <p>Motivation for change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In motivational interviewing, what does the 10% proportion of experience causing some distress represent?

    <p>Potential useful experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it challenging to be decisive about attempting change when feeling negative as per the text?

    <p>General negativity affecting decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of self-awareness is assessed by the question 'What am I now Observing?' in non-violent communication (NVC)?

    <p>Thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In non-violent communication (NVC), why do people lose self-empathy and interest when distressed?

    <p>They engage in emotionally driven behaviors that conflict with their values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do discrepancies impact individuals, according to the text?

    <p>Lead to emotional upsets related to personal change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do individuals avoid confronting their discrepancies, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>To maintain a fragile self-acceptance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key consequence of people suppressing and repressing past discrepancies?

    <p>Incoherence and anxiety provocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the simple ratio of positive-to-negative experience aim to reflect?

    <p>The balance between positive and negative life experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of conflict resolution, what does hypothetical thinking primarily aim to elicit?

    <p>Future strategies for successful change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding the 1-10 mood score mentioned in the text?

    <p>It represents a 100% positive life experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does self-empathy play a role in non-violent communication?

    <p>By promoting understanding and compassion towards oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is asking about 'whys' and past successes essential in motivational interviewing?

    <p>To understand individual motivations and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of self-empathy in non-violent communication (NVC)?

    <p>Understanding and accepting one's own emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of flow, what contributes to a sense of control in individuals experiencing flow?

    <p>Being unafraid to confront unambiguous feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the action-awareness merge in the context of flow?

    <p>'Doing' spontaneously without having to think first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is confronting the truth of unambiguous feedback emphasized for individuals experiencing flow?

    <p>To improve their performance and adjust accordingly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does boredom involve according to the text?

    <p>A state where time passes slowly and tediously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of conflict resolution in the context of the text?

    <p>Resolving ambivalence within oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In motivational interviewing, why is it essential to move from 'stuck' ambivalence to decisive action?

    <p>To achieve a shift within oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does self-empathy play in non-violent communication according to the text?

    <p>Resolving conflicts through understanding oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does motivational interviewing differ from relying on external motivators for change?

    <p>It focuses on achieving a shift within oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized in non-violent communication to avoid being stuck in neither doing nor not doing?

    <p>Balancing the pros of doing and not doing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do to clarify your values in motivational interviewing?

    <p>Ask yourself what you hold most strongly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In motivational interviewing, what is a relevant question to ask when looking forward to a changed future?

    <p>What do you hope might be different in the future?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What attribute is essential for conflict resolution and personal development, as per the text?

    <p>Identifying personal strengths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of self-empathy in non-violent communication?

    <p>Maintaining a compassionate connection with oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important step in conflict resolution according to the text?

    <p>Confronting the truth of unambiguous feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Intervention Themes

    • Living in the real world: checking your interpretations
    • Living in the world of 'shoulds': reevaluating expectations and the importance of personal choice
    • Working out your mind: recognizing how certain ways of thinking cause distress
    • Dealing with negative moods: skills for changing negative-to-neutral-to-positive moods
    • When a 'want' becomes 'necessity': keeping perspective on and limiting desires
    • Dealing with academic and performance anxiety: helping you do your best and feel good about it

    General Stress Management (GSM)

    • Recognizing and dealing with stress: recognizing how stress uniquely affects you and learning what helps you reduce it
    • Reducing distractions and distractibility: seeing how stress gets you distracted and discovering how you can maintain focus
    • Changing your stressors: learning to relax, including progressive relaxation and breath-based relaxation
    • Exercise: initiating and monitoring progress
    • Sleep: healthier sleep improves brain function
    • Meditation: maintaining awareness and balance

    Perfectionism

    • Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS-F): 35-items used to assess 6 dimensions of perfectionism
    • Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory (PCI): 25-items to assess the frequency of 'automatic perfectionistic thoughts'
    • Almost Perfect Scale - Revised (APSR): 23-items to assess three dimensions of perfectionism: discrepancy, high standards, and order
    • Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CESD): 20-items to assess depressive symptoms
    • Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI): 21-items to assess clinical anxiety
    • Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ): 30-items to assess automatic negative thoughts about the self
    • Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI): 16-items to assess the fear of anxiety

    Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

    • Recognizing and dealing with negative thoughts and behaviors
    • Changing negative thought patterns and behaviors
    • Developing coping skills and strategies

    Research Study

    • Participants were randomized to three groups: CBT, GSM, and no-treatment control group (NT)
    • CBT participants showed significant improvement on nine measures of perfectionism, depressive symptomatology, and cognitive vulnerability to negative affect
    • GSM participants showed significant improvement on four measures
    • NT participants did not show significant improvement on any measures

    Flow Experience

    • Challenge-skill balance: competent to meet high situational demands

    • Action-awareness merge: 'doing' spontaneously without having to think first

    • Clear goals: strong sense of what one wants to do

    • Unambiguous feedback: knowing how well one is doing while performing

    • Sense of control: control over what one is doing

    • Concentration/focus on task-at-hand: complete task focus

    • Loss of self-consciousness: minimal pride, vanity, and pretentiousness

    • Transformation of time: time passes differently, less tediously and more interestingly than normal

    • Autotelic experience: flow experience is rewarding### Overcoming Ambivalence

    • Ambivalence is characterized by "stuck" decision-making, where one is unable to decide between options due to conflicting motivations.

    • This can lead to inaction and non-attentiveness, as the pros and cons of each option are counter-balanced.

    MI Methods for Change

    • MI methods help individuals engage in meaningful change by shifting motivation from external to internal sources.
    • This approach involves weighing the pros and cons of change, and deciding whether the benefits of change outweigh the costs.

    The Importance of Confidence and Importance

    • Individuals can be categorized into four quadrants based on their level of confidence and importance in making a change:
      • Low Importance, Low Confidence: Don't see change as important and don't believe they can succeed.
      • High Importance, Low Confidence: Desire to change but lack confidence in their ability to do so.
      • Low Importance, High Confidence: Don't consider change as important but are confident in their ability to change.
      • High Importance, High Confidence: Believe change is important and are confident in their ability to make it happen.

    Confidence and Importance Rulers

    • Confidence Rulers: Identify one's current level of confidence and what it would take to increase it.
    • Importance Rulers: Identify why change is important and what it would take to increase its importance.

    Evocative Questions

    • Questions to ask oneself to facilitate change:
      • What would be a good first step?
      • What obstacles do you foresee?
      • What could you try differently here?

    Reviewing Past Successes

    • Look for changes made on one's own in the past and identify the "whys" and attributes of those successes.
    • Identify personal strengths and supports that helped facilitate change.

    Exploring Concerns

    • Identify what concerns you most about your current situation and its potential long-term consequences.
    • Consider what could happen if you continue with the status quo behavior.

    Looking Backwards

    • Reflect on times before the problem emerged and compare them with the present.
    • Identify differences between one's past and present self.

    Looking Forwards

    • Envision a changed future and consider what you hope to achieve through change.
    • Identify what you want to achieve in the short-term and long-term.

    Clarifying Values

    • Identify what you hold most strongly and what goals and values are central to your life.

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    Description

    Explore different intervention themes in psychology including living in the real world, reevaluating expectations, recognizing distorted thinking, changing negative moods, managing desires, and coping with academic anxiety.

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