Psychology Chapter on Crisis Intervention
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Questions and Answers

What type of crises are related to inner conflicts about purpose and independence?

  • Developmental crises
  • Ecosystemic crises
  • Existential crises (correct)
  • Situational crises

Which theorist is known for the Psychosocial Development Theory?

  • Sigmund Freud
  • Daniel Levinson
  • Erik Erikson (correct)
  • Donald Blocher

Which of the following example best represents ecosystemic crises?

  • A hurricane destroying homes (correct)
  • Unemployment due to a recession
  • Unresolved personal conflicts
  • A midlife crisis

What is the primary focus of crisis intervention?

<p>Restoration of a previous state of equilibrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which crisis model involves understanding the cognitive aspects of a crisis?

<p>Cognitive model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of crisis is indicated by failing to meet developmental tasks?

<p>Developmental crises (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist introduced the concept of Positive Adult Development?

<p>Daniel Levinson (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of crisis as characterized by Brammer?

<p>Personal crises (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the interpersonal theory in crisis intervention?

<p>To enhance personal self-esteem and openness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does a crisis typically last, according to Caplan's research?

<p>Six weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of counseling group, as identified by Caplan, focuses on immediate and preventive measures?

<p>Primary or guidance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of crises involve uncommon and extraordinary events?

<p>Situational crises (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of developmental crises?

<p>Graduation and retirement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does chaos theory suggest about crises?

<p>Crises have underlying patterns and characteristics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a developmental crisis?

<p>Sudden death (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in the interpersonal theory of crisis intervention?

<p>Accurate empathy and unconditional positive regard (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Lindemann identify as a key component in dealing with grief crises?

<p>Grief work and readjustment to the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect did Caplan expand upon in crisis intervention theory?

<p>Grief responses to include traumatic events (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory broadens the understanding of crises by considering environmental context?

<p>Ecosystems Theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Adaptational Theory, what is identified as sustaining a crisis?

<p>Maladaptive behaviors and negative thoughts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Lindemann's primary focus in his contributions to crisis intervention?

<p>Preventive intervention in grief and loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the main objective of grief work as proposed by Lindemann?

<p>To emancipate oneself from the deceased's influence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT included in the expanded crisis theory?

<p>Cognitive-behavioral theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered a pioneer in the development of systems theory in the context of crisis intervention?

<p>Ludwig von Bertalanffy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation did the expanded crisis theory address in the basic crisis theory?

<p>Lack of integration with various psychological theories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of Basic Crisis Intervention Theory?

<p>Consideration of interrelationships among people and events (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to psychoanalytic theory, what is viewed as a significant factor in crises?

<p>Childhood fixation and past emotional experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is essential for a successful crisis intervention?

<p>Establishing a positive relationship with the affected individual (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of crisis is highlighted by Janosik's (1984) theoretical framework?

<p>Crisis response is influenced by individual context (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do predisposing factors play in psychoanalytic treatment approaches for crisis?

<p>They are one of many contributors to crisis and psychopathologies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the nature of a crisis?

<p>It is defined as an overwhelming event affecting individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Equilibrium Model in crisis intervention?

<p>Stabilizing individuals until they regain coping abilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist is associated with the development of the ACT Model?

<p>Cochran (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Cognitive Model in crisis intervention emphasizes which of the following?

<p>Recognition and dispute of irrational thoughts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of the Equilibrium Model?

<p>It is designed for individuals who are out of control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of the ACT Model?

<p>To generate alternatives and develop plans during crises (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are notable theorists associated with the Cognitive Model?

<p>Beck, Ellis, and Meichenbaum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Playbook/Game Plan Model involves which of the following strategies?

<p>Assessing verbal and nonverbal behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of crisis intervention, which statement aligns with the Cognitive Model's premise?

<p>Crises are linked to faulty thinking rather than events themselves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Eclectic/Integrated Crisis Intervention Theory?

<p>Collaboration with clients in assessing crises (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorists are influential in the Eclectic/Integrated Crisis Intervention Theory?

<p>Adler, Erikson, and Minuchin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Developmental-Ecological Model emphasize in crisis intervention?

<p>Continuous learning and adaptability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of crises according to the Eclectic/Integrated Crisis Intervention Theory?

<p>They are unique but share common elements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Contextual-Ecological Model focuses on which aspect of a crisis?

<p>Layered impacts based on proximity and perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Psychological First Aid?

<p>Immediate intervention after disasters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach emphasizes the importance of skill and experiential knowledge in crisis intervention?

<p>Developmental-Ecological Model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the Eclectic/Integrated approach in crisis intervention?

<p>Balancing uniqueness with common therapeutic elements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Crisis intervention

A temporary technique to help people cope with stressful events such as divorce, death, or illness.

Crisis

A situation where a person feels overwhelmed by an event, leading to emotional distress and difficulty coping.

Crisis theory

A set of ideas that explain how people experience and respond to crises.

Expanded crisis theory

Provides a broader perspective on crisis by incorporating multiple theoretical models.

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Psychoanalytic theory

A theory that emphasizes the role of unconscious thoughts and past emotional experiences in shaping a person's crisis.

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Lindemann's disequilibrium

A key concept in psychoanalytic theory that describes the state of imbalance or disruption caused by a crisis.

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Early childhood fixation

The idea that early childhood experiences can increase a person's vulnerability to experiencing crises.

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Predisposing factors

A current approach to crisis intervention that considers multiple factors contributing to a person's crisis.

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Developmental Crisis

A type of crisis that occurs as part of normal life transitions, often tied to specific stages of human development.

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Situational Crisis

A crisis that arises from sudden, unexpected, and unusual events, causing significant disruption and potentially lasting impact.

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Chaos Theory

A theory in crisis intervention that emphasizes the idea that change and instability are inherent parts of a crisis.

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Interpersonal Theory

A perspective that aims to improve a client's self-esteem through building trust, openness, and empathy.

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Events Producing Abnormal Response

These are often the product of events in the normal flow of human growth, but abnormal responses may occur.

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Basic Crisis Intervention Theory

A theory explaining how individuals experience and respond to crises, emphasizing that grief reactions are natural and can be managed with short-term help.

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Ecosystems Theory

A broader approach to crisis that acknowledges how societal and environmental factors influence individual experiences.

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Adaptational Theory

The individual's response to a crisis is viewed as an adaptation process. The goal is to shift from maladaptive, harmful behaviors to positive and helpful ones.

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Erich Lindemann

Focused on grief, loss, and other forms of crisis. His research emphasized the need for 'grief work' to recover from loss.

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Gerald Caplan

A prominent contributor to crisis intervention theory, expanding Lindemann's work to include traumatic events beyond grief.

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Crisis as a system of communication

The concept that communication plays a key role in shaping crisis situations and that understanding and responding to these communications are crucial for intervention.

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Crisis as a system of needs fulfillment

A key concept in crisis intervention, recognizing that our needs and the ways we meet them are influenced by our environment.

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Shift from client-focused to contextual perspectives

Shifting focus from individual problems to understanding the social and environmental context that contributes to a crisis.

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Equilibrium Model

A model that focuses on helping individuals stabilize during a crisis and regain their pre-crisis equilibrium. This model emphasizes restoring balance and coping abilities after a traumatic event.

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ACT Model (Assessment, Crisis Therapy)

Developed by Roberts (2005), this model combines assessment, crisis therapy, and interventions to help individuals in crisis. It involves understanding the crisis, building rapport, identifying problems, dealing with emotions, generating solutions, and developing a plan for recovery.

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Cognitive Model

This model suggests that crises are caused by faulty thinking patterns rather than the events themselves. The focus is on changing individuals' perceptions and beliefs about the crisis.

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Playbook/Game Plan Model

Developed by Sam Cochran (Memphis Police Department CIT), this model aims to help individuals de-escalate in a crisis by providing a clear plan of action. Verbal and nonverbal behavior are assessed to develop a strategy for calming the individual.

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Disequilibrium

A core concept of the Equilibrium Model. It refers to the state of disruption or imbalance caused by a crisis, where individuals feel overwhelmed and out of control.

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Existential Crisis

A type of crisis that stems from deep existential questions or anxieties related to one's purpose, meaning, freedom, and responsibility in life. This often occurs when individuals reflect on their life choices and potential unrealized dreams.

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Ecosystemic Crisis

A type of crisis triggered by events that impact individuals or groups on a large scale, such as natural disasters or economic collapses. These events often occur outside the individuals' control.

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Equilibrium Crisis Intervention Model

A model of crisis intervention that emphasizes restoring balance and stability to an individual's emotional state. It involves techniques to reduce anxiety and stress, restore a sense of control, and reconnect with coping mechanisms.

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Cognitive Crisis Intervention Model

A model of crisis intervention that focuses on changing the way an individual thinks about and interprets their crisis situation. It involves challenging negative thought patterns and promoting adaptive coping strategies.

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Eclectic/Integrated Crisis Intervention

An approach that draws valuable concepts from different therapeutic theories and incorporates them into a cohesive intervention strategy. It focuses on identifying relevant elements and adapting them based on specific crisis situations and individual needs.

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Psychosocial Transition Model

A model emphasizing that a person's crisis is a result of a unique interplay of internal factors (genes, personality) and external influences (learned experiences, social environment).

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Developmental-Ecological Model

A theory centering on the impact of a person's developmental stage on their crisis experience. It highlights that a crisis may be understood based on their current life stage, including their psychological and social maturity.

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Contextual-Ecological Model

A model emphasizing the context surrounding the crisis, including relational dynamics, meaning-making, and the perceived impact of the event. It considers how relationships, time, and interpretations shape a person's crisis experience.

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Psychological First Aid

A type of immediate crisis intervention focused on providing emotional support and practical assistance in the aftermath of traumatic events such as disasters or terrorist attacks.

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Considering Individual, Cultural, and Situational Factors

A central concept in crisis intervention that prioritizes the recognition of individual, cultural, and situational factors when addressing a crisis. It underscores the unique nature of each individual's experience.

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Continuous Learning and Adaptation

A core concept in crisis intervention that views crisis as a time of opportunity for growth and learning. It highlights the potential for change, adaptability, and skill development in response to a crisis.

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Skill, Intuition, and Experiential Knowledge

The combination of expert training and personal experience in crisis intervention, emphasizing both knowledge and intuition to navigate complex situations effectively. It calls for a balance of technical skills and human empathy.

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Study Notes

Crisis Intervention

  • Crisis intervention is a short-term technique to reduce lasting harm from a crisis
  • A crisis is an overwhelming event (e.g., divorce, violence, death, illness)
  • Successful intervention involves understanding the situation, building a relationship, discussing events, and providing emotional support

Theories of Crisis and Crisis Intervention

  • No single theory explains all aspects of human crisis or intervention
  • Crisis theories are viewed on basic, expanded, and applied levels
  • Lindemann's work on grief focused on normal grief reactions responding to short-term intervention
  • Caplan expanded Lindemann's work to include traumatic events beyond grief

Erich Lindemann

  • Known for preventive intervention, especially in grief, loss, and crisis.
  • Introduced the concept of "grief work" for recovery, focusing on detaching from the deceased, adjusting to the environment, and forming new connections.

Gerald Caplan

  • His research showed crises are temporary, lasting around six weeks
  • Identified primary (guidance), secondary (counseling), and tertiary (therapy) levels of counseling

Expanded Crisis Theory

  • Developed due to the limitations of basic theory
  • Integrates psychoanalytic, systems, ecosystems, adaptational, interpersonal, chaos, and developmental theories
  • Synopsizes major components of an extended view

Psychoanalytic Theory

  • Lindemann's crisis approach incorporated into unconscious thoughts and past emotional experiences.
  • Early childhood fixations were explanations for crises
  • Current treatment considers predisposing factors as influencing factors

Systems Theory

  • Focuses on interrelationships and interdependence among people and events
  • Crisis viewed as a system of communication and need fulfillment
  • Shift from client-focus to contextual perspectives

Ecosystems Theory

  • Broadens the base of the system to consider environmental context
  • Looks at crises in the larger social and environmental contexts
  • Analyzes issues beyond the individual impact

Adaptational Theory

  • Crises are sustained by maladaptive behaviors, negative thoughts, and destructive defense mechanisms.
  • Adaptive behaviors are crucial in overcoming crises
  • Intervention helps clients change old habits for positive, self-enhancing ones

Interpersonal Theory

  • Emphasizes personal growth through dimensions of self-esteem
  • Highlights openness, trust, sharing, empathy, and safety in relationships

Chaos Theory

  • Applied to crisis intervention as a dynamic, self-organizing system
  • Focuses on how seemingly random events have underlying patterns.

Developmental Theory

  • Crises are rooted in specific developmental stages (Erikson, Levinson, Blocher).
  • Failure to successfully navigate stages can lead to crises.

Developmental Crises

  • Events in the normal course of life that cause abnormal responses
  • Examples include birth, graduations, midlife changes, retirement, and aging.
  • Considered normal but individual differences exist

Situational Crises

  • Unexpected, often sudden, intense occurrences (e.g., natural disasters, accidents, illnesses, death)

Existential Crises

  • Inner conflicts related to purpose, responsibility, freedom
  • Examples include realizing career goals aren't met, feeling remorse, experiencing meaninglessness

Ecosystemic Crises

  • Natural or human-caused disasters affecting groups or individuals
  • Examples are hurricanes, epidemics, wars, economic downturns, and environmental disasters.

Crisis Intervention Models

  • Equilibrium model: focuses on restoring pre-crisis state
  • Cognitive model: centers on faulty thinking patterns
  • Psychosocial transition model: views crises through individual and environmental factors
  • Developmental-ecological model: considers developmental stages, environment, and individual assessment
  • Context-ecological model: analyzes layered impact on individuals

Psychological First Aid (PFA)

  • Immediate crisis intervention after disasters/terrorism.
  • Focuses on contact, safety, comfort, stabilization, gathering information, practical assistance, social support, and coping strategies.

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Description

Test your understanding of crises and intervention strategies in psychology with this quiz. Questions cover theorists, types of crises, and frameworks important in crisis intervention. Assess your knowledge on developmental tasks and the cognitive aspects of crises.

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