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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a reason for a parent process to terminate its child processes?
Which of the following is a reason for a parent process to terminate its child processes?
What occurs after a child process terminates but its parent has not yet called wait()?
What occurs after a child process terminates but its parent has not yet called wait()?
What is the role of the init process in a UNIX system concerning orphan processes?
What is the role of the init process in a UNIX system concerning orphan processes?
Under which circumstance does a child process become a zombie process?
Under which circumstance does a child process become a zombie process?
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Which of the following best describes an orphan process?
Which of the following best describes an orphan process?
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What happens to the address space of the child process created by a fork system call?
What happens to the address space of the child process created by a fork system call?
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What is the return value of a fork system call in the child process?
What is the return value of a fork system call in the child process?
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What is the primary purpose of the exec system call following a fork?
What is the primary purpose of the exec system call following a fork?
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What does the wait() system call accomplish in process management?
What does the wait() system call accomplish in process management?
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What is the first action a process takes when it wants to terminate?
What is the first action a process takes when it wants to terminate?
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What occurs when the exit system call is executed by a process?
What occurs when the exit system call is executed by a process?
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What happens to the parent process after a fork if it has nothing else to do?
What happens to the parent process after a fork if it has nothing else to do?
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What is a key characteristic of direct communication between processes?
What is a key characteristic of direct communication between processes?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the properties of a direct communication link?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the properties of a direct communication link?
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How does the execution of the parent and child processes proceed after a fork?
How does the execution of the parent and child processes proceed after a fork?
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In direct communication, what happens during symmetric addressing?
In direct communication, what happens during symmetric addressing?
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What is a disadvantage of the direct communication schemes?
What is a disadvantage of the direct communication schemes?
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Which type of communication link includes automatic and explicit buffering?
Which type of communication link includes automatic and explicit buffering?
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What characterizes independent processes?
What characterizes independent processes?
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Which is NOT a reason for using cooperating processes?
Which is NOT a reason for using cooperating processes?
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Which IPC model is typically faster due to requiring fewer system calls?
Which IPC model is typically faster due to requiring fewer system calls?
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In which scenario is message passing considered more efficient?
In which scenario is message passing considered more efficient?
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What is a disadvantage of message passing compared to shared memory?
What is a disadvantage of message passing compared to shared memory?
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How do cooperating processes typically enhance computation speed?
How do cooperating processes typically enhance computation speed?
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Which of the following is an essential component for cooperating processes to function effectively?
Which of the following is an essential component for cooperating processes to function effectively?
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Why might a developer choose shared memory over message passing in a system?
Why might a developer choose shared memory over message passing in a system?
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What occurs during a blocking send operation in message passing?
What occurs during a blocking send operation in message passing?
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Which type of message passing is characterized by the sender receiving confirmation without being blocked?
Which type of message passing is characterized by the sender receiving confirmation without being blocked?
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How is a zero capacity buffer implemented in message passing?
How is a zero capacity buffer implemented in message passing?
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What is the primary characteristic of a bounded capacity buffer in message passing?
What is the primary characteristic of a bounded capacity buffer in message passing?
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Which type of message passing may allow for the sender to never wait?
Which type of message passing may allow for the sender to never wait?
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Study Notes
Interprocess Communication
- Processes can be independent or cooperating.
- Independent processes do not affect each other.
- Cooperating processes can affect each other and share data.
Reasons for Cooperating Processes
- Information sharing: Processes can access shared files concurrently.
- Computation speedup: Parallel execution allows for faster processing on multi-processor systems.
- Modularity: Dividing a system into modules (processes or threads) enhances structure and maintainability.
- Convenience: Users can work on multiple applications simultaneously.
Interprocess Communication (IPC)
- Necessary for cooperating processes to communicate.
- Two main models of IPC:
- Shared memory: Shared data resides in the memory space of the process that created it.
- Message passing: Processes exchange messages to communicate.
Communication Models
- Shared Memory:
- Faster than message passing.
- Less complex to implement.
- System calls are only needed for establishing memory regions.
- Message Passing:
- Easier to implement in distributed systems.
- Better for exchanging small messages.
- Requires more system calls, which can be less efficient.
Process Creation
- Parent and child processes can execute concurrently.
- Parent process can wait for the child to terminate using the
wait()system call. - The child process can inherit the parent's address space, allowing for shared data.
Process Creation using UNIX Systems
- The
fork()system call creates a new process by duplicating the parent's address space. - The
exec()system call replaces a process's memory space with a new program. - The
wait()system call blocks the parent process until the child process terminates.
Process Termination
- A process can terminate itself using the
exit()system call. - A parent can terminate a child process using the
abort()system call.- Reasons for termination include resource exhaustion, task completion, or parent termination.
- Orphan processes are child processes whose parent has terminated.
Process Termination (Cont.)
- A child can terminate its parent process using the
wait()system call. - Zombie processes are terminated processes whose parent process has not yet called
wait(). - Init/Systemd process handles orphan processes by adopting them and periodically invoking
wait(). - This ensures the release of process identifiers and process table entries.
Communication Link
- Links can be physical (e.g., shared memory, hardware bus).
- Links can be logical (e.g., logical properties of the link).
- Communication links enable communication and synchronization between processes.
Direct Communication
- Processes must explicitly name each other during communication.
-
send(P, message)sends a message to process P. -
receive(Q, message)receives a message from process Q.
-
- Direct communication links can be:
- Automatic: Links are established automatically.
- Unidirectional or Bi-directional: Data flow can be one-way or two-way.
- Each pair of communicating processes has only one link.
Synchronization
- Message passing can be blocking (synchronous) or non-blocking (asynchronous).
- Blocking send: Sender waits until the message is received.
- Blocking receive: Receiver waits until a message is available.
- Non-blocking send: Sender sends the message and continues executing.
- Non-blocking receive: Receiver receives a valid message or null.
Buffering
- Messages reside in a temporary buffer (queue) during communication.
- Buffering can be:
- Zero capacity: No messages can wait in the queue.
- Bounded capacity: Limited number of messages allowed in the queue.
- Unbounded capacity: Infinite number of messages allowed in the queue.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of interprocess communication (IPC), focusing on independent and cooperating processes. It covers reasons for cooperation, the benefits of shared memory, and message passing models. Test your knowledge on how processes communicate and the advantages of concurrent processing.
