International Public Health: Introduction
40 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of global health?

  • Improving the health of individuals
  • Improving the health of the entire population (correct)
  • Increasing access to health care services
  • Reducing health care costs

    • What is a key feature of health systems in low- and middle-income countries?

  • Fragile health system functions (correct)
  • High health care costs
  • Strong health infrastructure
  • Limited access to health care services

    • What is an example of a social aspect that can increase the risk of poor health outcomes?

  • High income
  • Poor sanitation (correct)
  • Political instability
  • Good hygiene practices

    • What is the role of international NGOs in global health?

    <p>Collaborating with communities and public health professionals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of global health compared to medicine?

    <p>Health promotion and health equity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first line of defense in global health?

    <p>Families and individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key challenge in addressing global health issues?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of global health approaches?

    <p>Interdisciplinary approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a small, abrupt, localized outbreak of a disease?

    <p>Epidemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of disease control?

    <p>Reduction of disease incidence, prevalence, mortality, and morbidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is herd immunity?

    <p>Indirect protection from a contagious infectious disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the termination of all cases of a disease and its transmission globally?

    <p>Eradication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reproductive number (R0) used to measure?

    <p>The contagiousness of a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum requirement for eradication to occur?

    <p>Disease caused by a small number of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reduction of disease incidence in a specific area to zero?

    <p>Elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a global outbreak of a disease?

    <p>Pandemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vaccines in the human body?

    <p>To recognize and fight pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many debilitating or life-threatening diseases can vaccines protect against?

    <p>25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge in national-level capacity and health systems?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is antimicrobial resistance (AMR) caused by?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of control measures and response strategies?

    <p>To achieve a balance between prevention and treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major concern regarding the spread of antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>It is a global threat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary strategy for reducing the burden of infectious diseases?

    <p>Vaccination efforts and surveillance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of health systems?

    <p>To promote, restore, improve or maintain health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key factors that influence the design of health systems?

    <p>Income and education attainment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the outcomes of a well-performing health system?

    <p>Improved health status and fair contribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of hospitals in pre-modern states?

    <p>To provide religious charity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key factor that contributed to the emergence of welfare states?

    <p>Industrial revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key outcome of a failing health system?

    <p>Death, disability, impoverishment, humiliation, and despair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of health systems?

    <p>Resources, organization, financing, and management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of analyzing health systems?

    <p>To understand the complexity and diversity of health systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of efficiency in health services?

    <p>To reduce costs (monetary, social, environmental)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of health services are provided by NGOs?

    <p>Not for profit health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of HIC health systems?

    <p>Strong health system structures and less diverse services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of social health insurance?

    <p>Mandatory contributions from employees and government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of fund pooling?

    <p>To spread risks over everyone or groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of insurance involves voluntary amounts paid by individuals?

    <p>Private health insurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of government in tax-based health insurance?

    <p>Collecting revenues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of purchasing in healthcare financing?

    <p>Allocating funds to health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Global Health

    • Focuses on improving the health of the entire population
    • Issues extend beyond national borders
    • Attention is specifically related to social injustice
    • Low- and middle-income countries have high morbidity and mortality rates, and fragile health system functions

    Key Concepts

    • Morbidity: having a disease
    • Mortality: being subject to death
    • Health services should be delivered in an affordable, accessible, appropriate, acceptable, and with good quality manner

    Factors Affecting Health Outcomes

    • Social, political, and economic forces increase the risk of poor health outcomes (structural violence)
    • Social and cultural aspects: poor hygiene or sanitation, stigmatized diseases (e.g. HIV in SSA)
    • Political aspects: political instability in countries
    • Economic aspects: income inequalities and unemployment

    Global Health vs. Medicine

    • Global health: population-based, focus on health equity and social justice, health promotion
    • Medicine: individualized care, diagnosis and treatment, varies by healthcare system

    Global Health Actors

    • Families and individuals: first line of defense
    • Communities: health workers, advocate for more support and better health
    • Epidemic: unusual occurrence or increase in the frequency of a disease in a certain area
    • Pandemic: global epidemic, spreads over several countries affecting large numbers of people

    Response to Infectious Diseases

    • Control: reduction of disease incidence, prevalence, mortality, and morbidity
    • Elimination: reduction of disease incidence in a specific area to zero
    • Eradication: termination of all cases of a disease and its transmission globally
    • Extinction: specific infectious agent no longer exists in nature or lab

    Herd Immunity

    • Indirect protection from a contagious infectious disease that happens when a population is immune
    • Achieved through vaccination or immune development through previous disease
    • The more infectious a disease, the greater the population immunity needed to ensure herd immunity

    Health Systems

    • Definition: all activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore, improve, or maintain health
    • Components: goals, objectives, and functions
    • Factors influencing health system design: income, education, and Others

    Performance Assessment

    • Inputs: financial, material, HR, patients
    • Outcomes: health status, responsive fair contribution
    • Quantitative data (input and outputs) used for benchmarking

    History of Health Systems

    • Pre-modern states: before the 19th century, epidemic, hospitals run as religious charity, state intervention
    • Modern states: 19th and later, emergence of welfare state, responsibility of state for population health measures and health care services

    Efficiency and Effectiveness

    • Efficiency: use resources in the most convenient way to reduce costs
    • Effectiveness: doing it right, measured by clinical outcomes, cost-effectiveness analysis, and resource utilization

    Health Services

    • Formal/informal, Western medicine/traditional medicine, public/private/NGO (not for profit) providers
    • Special hospitals for certain groups (e.g. army, police)
    • HIC: strong health system structures and less diverse services
    • LIC: formal private sector small, informal private sector large, sometimes large NGO sector

    Financing Healthcare

    • Revenue collection: tax-based, social health insurance-based, voluntary/private health insurance schemes, out-of-pocket payments
    • Fund pooling: spreading risks, cutting ties of funds with individual contributor
    • Purchasing: allocating funds into health services

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz covers the introduction to international public health, focusing on global health issues that transcend national boundaries and affect low- and middle-income countries. It explores the concepts of morbidity and mortality in relation to social injustice.

    More Like This

    Understanding Public Health Quiz
    10 questions

    Understanding Public Health Quiz

    SupremeMeter avatar
    SupremeMeter
    Global Health Perspectives
    10 questions

    Global Health Perspectives

    InfallibleCombinatorics avatar
    InfallibleCombinatorics
    Global Health Challenges
    18 questions

    Global Health Challenges

    SmilingWoodland avatar
    SmilingWoodland
    Global Public Health
    8 questions

    Global Public Health

    CoherentRevelation avatar
    CoherentRevelation
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser