International Public Health: Introduction
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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of global health?

  • Improving the health of individuals
  • Improving the health of the entire population (correct)
  • Increasing access to health care services
  • Reducing health care costs

    • What is a key feature of health systems in low- and middle-income countries?

  • Fragile health system functions (correct)
  • High health care costs
  • Strong health infrastructure
  • Limited access to health care services

    • What is an example of a social aspect that can increase the risk of poor health outcomes?

  • High income
  • Poor sanitation (correct)
  • Political instability
  • Good hygiene practices

    • What is the role of international NGOs in global health?

    <p>Collaborating with communities and public health professionals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of global health compared to medicine?

    <p>Health promotion and health equity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first line of defense in global health?

    <p>Families and individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key challenge in addressing global health issues?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of global health approaches?

    <p>Interdisciplinary approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a small, abrupt, localized outbreak of a disease?

    <p>Epidemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of disease control?

    <p>Reduction of disease incidence, prevalence, mortality, and morbidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is herd immunity?

    <p>Indirect protection from a contagious infectious disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the termination of all cases of a disease and its transmission globally?

    <p>Eradication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reproductive number (R0) used to measure?

    <p>The contagiousness of a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum requirement for eradication to occur?

    <p>Disease caused by a small number of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reduction of disease incidence in a specific area to zero?

    <p>Elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a global outbreak of a disease?

    <p>Pandemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vaccines in the human body?

    <p>To recognize and fight pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many debilitating or life-threatening diseases can vaccines protect against?

    <p>25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge in national-level capacity and health systems?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is antimicrobial resistance (AMR) caused by?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of control measures and response strategies?

    <p>To achieve a balance between prevention and treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major concern regarding the spread of antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>It is a global threat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary strategy for reducing the burden of infectious diseases?

    <p>Vaccination efforts and surveillance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of health systems?

    <p>To promote, restore, improve or maintain health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key factors that influence the design of health systems?

    <p>Income and education attainment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the outcomes of a well-performing health system?

    <p>Improved health status and fair contribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of hospitals in pre-modern states?

    <p>To provide religious charity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key factor that contributed to the emergence of welfare states?

    <p>Industrial revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key outcome of a failing health system?

    <p>Death, disability, impoverishment, humiliation, and despair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of health systems?

    <p>Resources, organization, financing, and management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of analyzing health systems?

    <p>To understand the complexity and diversity of health systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of efficiency in health services?

    <p>To reduce costs (monetary, social, environmental)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of health services are provided by NGOs?

    <p>Not for profit health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of HIC health systems?

    <p>Strong health system structures and less diverse services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of social health insurance?

    <p>Mandatory contributions from employees and government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of fund pooling?

    <p>To spread risks over everyone or groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of insurance involves voluntary amounts paid by individuals?

    <p>Private health insurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of government in tax-based health insurance?

    <p>Collecting revenues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of purchasing in healthcare financing?

    <p>Allocating funds to health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Global Health

    • Focuses on improving the health of the entire population
    • Issues extend beyond national borders
    • Attention is specifically related to social injustice
    • Low- and middle-income countries have high morbidity and mortality rates, and fragile health system functions

    Key Concepts

    • Morbidity: having a disease
    • Mortality: being subject to death
    • Health services should be delivered in an affordable, accessible, appropriate, acceptable, and with good quality manner

    Factors Affecting Health Outcomes

    • Social, political, and economic forces increase the risk of poor health outcomes (structural violence)
    • Social and cultural aspects: poor hygiene or sanitation, stigmatized diseases (e.g. HIV in SSA)
    • Political aspects: political instability in countries
    • Economic aspects: income inequalities and unemployment

    Global Health vs. Medicine

    • Global health: population-based, focus on health equity and social justice, health promotion
    • Medicine: individualized care, diagnosis and treatment, varies by healthcare system

    Global Health Actors

    • Families and individuals: first line of defense
    • Communities: health workers, advocate for more support and better health
    • Epidemic: unusual occurrence or increase in the frequency of a disease in a certain area
    • Pandemic: global epidemic, spreads over several countries affecting large numbers of people

    Response to Infectious Diseases

    • Control: reduction of disease incidence, prevalence, mortality, and morbidity
    • Elimination: reduction of disease incidence in a specific area to zero
    • Eradication: termination of all cases of a disease and its transmission globally
    • Extinction: specific infectious agent no longer exists in nature or lab

    Herd Immunity

    • Indirect protection from a contagious infectious disease that happens when a population is immune
    • Achieved through vaccination or immune development through previous disease
    • The more infectious a disease, the greater the population immunity needed to ensure herd immunity

    Health Systems

    • Definition: all activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore, improve, or maintain health
    • Components: goals, objectives, and functions
    • Factors influencing health system design: income, education, and Others

    Performance Assessment

    • Inputs: financial, material, HR, patients
    • Outcomes: health status, responsive fair contribution
    • Quantitative data (input and outputs) used for benchmarking

    History of Health Systems

    • Pre-modern states: before the 19th century, epidemic, hospitals run as religious charity, state intervention
    • Modern states: 19th and later, emergence of welfare state, responsibility of state for population health measures and health care services

    Efficiency and Effectiveness

    • Efficiency: use resources in the most convenient way to reduce costs
    • Effectiveness: doing it right, measured by clinical outcomes, cost-effectiveness analysis, and resource utilization

    Health Services

    • Formal/informal, Western medicine/traditional medicine, public/private/NGO (not for profit) providers
    • Special hospitals for certain groups (e.g. army, police)
    • HIC: strong health system structures and less diverse services
    • LIC: formal private sector small, informal private sector large, sometimes large NGO sector

    Financing Healthcare

    • Revenue collection: tax-based, social health insurance-based, voluntary/private health insurance schemes, out-of-pocket payments
    • Fund pooling: spreading risks, cutting ties of funds with individual contributor
    • Purchasing: allocating funds into health services

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    Description

    This quiz covers the introduction to international public health, focusing on global health issues that transcend national boundaries and affect low- and middle-income countries. It explores the concepts of morbidity and mortality in relation to social injustice.

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