146 Questions
Which type of conformity occurs when a person conforms because they have a desire to be right and look to others who they believe may have more information?
Informational social influence
According to the text, what is the term used to describe the part people play as members of a social group?
Social roles
What does agency theory propose about obedience to authority?
People obey authority because they believe the authority will take responsibility for the consequences of their actions
What did Milgram's variations of the basic procedure in the obedience experiment aim to identify?
Situational factors affecting obedience
What did Adorno propose as a dispositional explanation for obedience?
Authoritarian personality
What effect did the presence of a dissident (a non-conforming confederate) have on conformity levels in Asch's experiment?
It decreased conformity levels
What does the term 'Locus of control' refer to?
How much control a person feels they have in their own behavior
Which type of conformity refers to instances where a person may agree in public with a group of people, but privately disagrees with the group's viewpoint or behavior?
Compliance
Which type of conformity involves publicly changing behavior to fit in with the group while also agreeing with them privately?
Internalisation
Which type of conformity occurs when someone conforms to the demands of a given social role in society, but there is no change to their internal personal opinion?
Identification
Which type of conformity is usually associated with compliance, where a person changes their public behavior but not their private beliefs?
Normative Influence
Which level of conformity involves the deepest change of behavior, where the beliefs of the group become part of the individual's own belief system?
Internalisation
Which type of conformity is associated with not wanting to appear foolish or be left out?
Normative Influence
Which type of conformity is illustrated by someone laughing at a joke because their group of friends find it funny, even though they personally do not find it funny?
Compliance
Which of the following is true about people with a high internal locus of control?
They are more likely to take responsibility for their behavior
What is the key factor in minority influence, according to Moscovici?
Consistency
What is the snowball effect in social change?
When a small group of people persuade the majority to adopt their point of view
What did Nemeth's experiment on minority influence reveal about the importance of consistency?
The minority position changed, resulting in minority influence
What is social cryptomnesia?
When people can remember a change but not how it came about
What did Moscovici's study on consistency in minority influence show?
The consistent minority had a greater effect on participants than the inconsistent group
What is the relationship between internal locus of control and minority influence?
People with an internal locus of control are more likely to be part of the minority
According to the text, what is the process known as when the minority opinion becomes the dominant position in society?
Crypto amnesia
According to the text, what are the people who have not changed their opinion when the minority becomes the majority?
Minority
What do Asch and Milgram's studies demonstrate about the influence of a minority on the majority?
A minority can affect the behavior of the majority
What are the methodological issues with Asch and Milgram's studies?
They are based on artificial tasks
According to the text, why are minorities wanting social change advised to avoid certain behaviors?
Those behaviors reinforce social change and are off-putting to the majority
What do psychologists suggest is important in order to change the behavior of the majority?
Being able to identify with a minority group
According to the text, what are people less likely to do in terms of environmentally friendly behaviors?
Behave in environmentally friendly ways
What do psychologists suggest is overlooked in minority influence research?
The importance of identification
What happens when the majority opinion becomes law?
People have to obey this law
True or false: Normative social influence leads to permanent change in behavior.
False
True or false: Informational social influence occurs when a person lacks knowledge about a situation.
True
True or false: Social roles are the expectations placed on individuals within a social group.
True
True or false: According to agency theory, people are more likely to obey authority when they feel personally responsible for their actions.
False
True or false: Milgram's variations of the obedience experiment aimed to identify situational factors that affect obedience.
True
True or false: Adorno proposed that obedience is primarily influenced by situational factors rather than personality factors.
False
True or false: Social support from a dissident can decrease conformity levels in group situations.
True
True or false: People with a high internal locus of control are more likely to take responsibility for their behavior.
True
True or false: People with a high external locus of control perceive their behaviors as being a result of external influences or luck.
True
True or false: People with an internal locus of control tend to be less conforming and less obedient.
True
True or false: Consistency is more likely to influence the majority in minority influence.
True
True or false: Flexibility and compromise are important for a minority to influence a majority.
True
True or false: Social change is usually a result of minority influence.
True
True or false: Consistency is the most important factor in deciding whether the minority is influential.
True
True or false: Compliance refers to instances where a person agrees in public with a group but privately disagrees with their viewpoint or behavior.
True
True or false: Internalisation is the deepest level of conformity where the beliefs of the group become part of the individual's own belief system.
True
True or false: Identification occurs when someone conforms to the demands of a given social role in society without any change to their internal personal opinion.
False
True or false: Normative social influence is where a person conforms to fit in with the group because they don't want to appear foolish or be left out.
True
True or false: The key factor in minority influence, according to Moscovici, is consistency.
True
True or false: Locus of control refers to the part people play as members of a social group.
False
True or false: Agency theory proposes that obedience to authority is influenced by a person's desire to be right and look to others who may have more information.
False
True or false: The majority opinion becomes law, and people have to obey this law.
True
True or false: The minority opinion gradually becomes the majority opinion.
True
True or false: Crypto amnesia is the process in which the minority opinion becomes the dominant position in society.
True
True or false: Asch and Milgram's research on minority influence was based on artificial tasks.
True
True or false: Identification is an important factor in minority influence research.
True
True or false: People are less likely to behave in environmentally friendly ways due to the negative connotations associated with them.
True
True or false: Minorities wanting social change should avoid behaviors that reinforce social change.
True
True or false: Being able to identify with a minority group is just as important as agreeing with their views in order to change the behavior of the majority.
True
True or false: The presence of a dissenter can influence the behavior of the majority.
True
According to the text, what is the process known as when the minority opinion becomes the dominant position in society?
Crypto amnesia
According to the text, what are people less likely to do in terms of environmentally friendly behaviors?
Behave in environmentally friendly ways
Which type of conformity is usually associated with compliance, where a person changes their public behavior but not their private beliefs?
Compliance
What are the methodological issues with Asch and Milgram's studies?
Based on artificial tasks (judging line lengths)
According to the text, what is the term used to describe the part people play as members of a social group?
Locus of control
What is compliance?
Compliance refers to instances where a person agrees in public with a group but privately disagrees with their viewpoint or behavior.
What is internalisation?
Internalisation refers to publicly changing behavior to fit in with the group while also agreeing with them privately. It is the deepest level of conformity where the beliefs of the group become part of the individual's own belief system.
What is identification?
Identification occurs when someone conforms to the demands of a given social role in society without any change to their internal personal opinion.
What is normative social influence?
Normative social influence is where a person conforms to fit in with the group because they don't want to appear foolish or be left out.
What is the snowball effect in social change?
The snowball effect in social change refers to the idea that once a minority opinion gains momentum and support, it can gradually influence the behavior of the majority.
What is the role of a dissenter in influencing the behavior of the majority?
The presence of a dissenter can influence the behavior of the majority by providing social support and encouraging others to question the majority opinion.
What is the difference between internal and external locus of control?
People with a high internal locus of control perceive their behaviors as being a result of their own actions and choices, while people with a high external locus of control perceive their behaviors as being a result of external influences or luck.
What is normative social influence?
Normative social influence is where a person conforms to fit in with the group because they don't want to appear foolish or be left out.
What is informational social influence?
Informational social influence is where a person conforms because they have a desire to be right and look to others who they believe may have more information.
What is the difference between normative social influence and informational social influence?
Normative social influence is based on fitting in with the group and not wanting to appear foolish or be left out, while informational social influence is based on a desire to be right and looking to others who may have more information.
What is conformity to social roles?
Conformity to social roles is when a person conforms to the expectations of a social role, such as a student, teacher, or policeman.
What does agency theory propose about obedience to authority?
Agency theory proposes that people will obey an authority when they believe that the authority will take responsibility for the consequences of their actions.
What is the term used to describe how much control a person feels they have in their own behavior?
Locus of control refers to how much control a person feels they have in their own behavior.
How does the presence of a dissident (a non-conforming confederate) affect conformity levels?
The presence of a dissident can lead to a decrease in conformity levels, as it gives the true participant social support and makes them feel more confident in their own decision and more confident in rejecting the majority position.
According to Rotter, what is the difference between individuals with a high internal locus of control and those with a high external locus of control?
People with a high internal locus of control perceive themselves as having a great deal of personal control over their behavior and are more likely to take responsibility for their actions. On the other hand, people with a high external locus of control perceive their behaviors as being a result of external influences or luck.
What did Moscovici propose about the consistency of a minority's views in influencing the majority?
Moscovici proposed that being consistent and unchanging in a view is more likely to influence the majority than if a minority is inconsistent and changes their mind. Consistency creates uncertainty among the majority and increases the chances of changing their views.
What is the role of commitment in influencing the majority's perception of a minority's stand?
When the majority is confronted with someone who is self-confident and dedicated to taking a popular stand and refuses to back down, they may assume that he or she has a point. This increases the chances of the majority changing their views.
According to Nemeth's experiment, what effect does compromise by a consistent minority have on the majority?
Nemeth's experiment showed that when a consistent minority compromised and moved closer to the majority's position, the majority also compromised and changed their view. This suggests that compromise by a consistent minority can influence the majority to change their views.
What is the relationship between social change and minority influence?
Social change is usually a result of minority influence. A small group of people, known as the minority, manage to persuade the majority to adopt their point of view. This often occurs when the minority resists pressures to conform or obey and has an internal locus of control.
What did Moscovici's study on consistency in minority influence reveal?
Moscovici's study showed that consistency is the most important factor in deciding whether the minority is influential. A consistent minority had a greater effect on the other participants than an inconsistent minority. This confirms the importance of consistency in minority influence.
What is the snowball effect in social change?
The snowball effect refers to the gradual change in the majority's behavior and beliefs as more and more individuals are persuaded by the minority's point of view. This ultimately leads to societal change.
Compliance refers to instances where a person agrees in public with a group but privately disagrees with their ______ or behavior.
viewpoint
Internalisation is the deepest level of conformity where the beliefs of the group become part of the individual's own ______ system.
belief
Identification occurs when someone conforms to the demands of a given social ______ in society.
role
Normative social influence is where a person conforms to fit in with the group because they don't want to appear ______ or be left out.
foolish
Compliance refers to instances where a person agrees in public with a group but privately disagrees with their ______ or behavior.
viewpoint
Compliance refers to instances where a person agrees in public with a group but privately disagrees with their ______ or behavior.
viewpoint
Normative social influence is where a person conforms to fit in with the group because they don't want to appear ______ or be left out.
foolish
Normative social influence tends to lead to ______ because the person smokes just for show but deep down they wish not to smoke.
compliance
Informational social influence is where a person conforms because they have a desire to be ______
right
For a study on informational influence refer to ______
Jenness
Conforming to a social role is called ______
identification
Agency theory says that people will obey an authority when they believe that the authority will take responsibility for the consequences of their actions. This is supported by some aspects of ______ evidence.
Milgram's
In one of Asch's experimental variations he showed that the presence of a ______ led to a decrease in the conformity levels in true participants.
dissident
The term 'Locus of control ' refers to how much control a person feels they have in their own ______.
behavior
More and more people adopt the ______ opinion, until gradually the minority becomes the majority.
minority
At this point, the people who have not changed their opinion are the ______, and they will often conform to the majority view as a result of group pressures.
minority
The majority opinion then becomes ______, and people have to obey this ______.
law
Once this happens, the minority opinion has become the ______ position in society, and people do often not even remember where the opinion originated from.
dominant
This is a process known as ______.
crypto amnesia
Psychologists have suggested that people are less likely to behave in environmentally friendly ways due to the negative connotations associated with them (______).
tree huggers
Minorities wanting social change should avoid behaviors that reinforce social change – essentially off-putting to the ______.
majority
This suggests that being able to ______ with a minority group is just as important as agreeing with their views in order to change the behavior of the majority.
identify
Further social influence research from Asch and Milgram demonstrates that a ______ can have an affect on the majority
minority
According to ______, people with a high internal locus of control perceive themselves as having a great deal of personal control over their behavior and are therefore more likely to take responsibility for the way they behave.
Rotter
According to Moscovici, being consistent and unchanging in a view is more likely to influence the majority than if a minority is inconsistent and chops and changes their mind.
Consistency
According to Nemeth's experiment, when the consistent minority argued for a very low amount and refused to change his position, he had no effect on the majority. However, when he compromised and moved some way towards the majority position, the majority also compromised and changed their view.
Compromise
According to researchers, consistency alone is not sufficient for a minority to influence a majority. The key is how the majority interprets consistency. If the consistent minority are seen as inflexible, rigid, uncompromising and dogmatic, they will be unlikely to change the views of the majority. However, if they appear flexible and compromising, they are likely to be seen as less extreme, as more moderate, cooperative and reasonable.
Flexibility
According to Moscovici, social change is usually a result of minority influence. This is when a small group of people (the minority) manage to persuade the majority to adopt their point of view.
Social change
According to Moscovici, consistency is the most important factor in deciding whether the minority are influential or not. This means that the minority must be clear on what they are asking for and not change their minds, or disagree amongst themselves. This creates uncertainty amongst the majority.
Consistency
According to Moscovici, the minority must be consistent and unchanging in their views in order to influence the majority. In his experiment, he found that the consistent minority group had a greater effect on the other participants than the inconsistent group.
Consistency
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Locus of control = Refers to how much control a person feels they have in their own behavior Consistency = According to Moscovici, the most important factor in deciding whether the minority is influential or not Flexibility and compromise = According to researchers, the key for a consistent minority to influence a majority Snowball effect = When more and more of the majority gradually change towards the minority's cause, resulting in societal change
Match the following types of conformity with their descriptions:
Normative social influence = A person conforms to fit in with the group because they don't want to appear foolish or be left out Informational social influence = A person conforms because they have a desire to be right and look to others who may have more information Compliance = A person agrees in public with a group but privately disagrees with their opinion or behavior Internal locus of control = People with this tend to perceive themselves as having personal control over their behavior and take responsibility for it
Match the following factors with their roles in minority influence:
Consistency = According to Moscovici, the most important factor in deciding whether the minority is influential or not Flexibility and compromise = According to researchers, the key for a consistent minority to influence a majority Commitment = When the majority is confronted with someone with self-confidence and dedication to take a popular stand and refuses to back down, they may assume that he or she has a point Snowball effect = When more and more of the majority gradually change towards the minority's cause, resulting in societal change
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Social cryptomnesia = When people can remember a change but not how it came about Minority influence = A small group of people manage to persuade the majority to adopt their point of view Compliance = Instances where a person agrees in public with a group but privately disagrees with their opinion or behavior Locus of control = Refers to how much control a person feels they have in their own behavior
Match the following factors with their roles in minority influence:
Consistency = According to Moscovici, the most important factor in deciding whether the minority is influential or not Flexibility and compromise = According to researchers, the key for a consistent minority to influence a majority Commitment = When the majority is confronted with someone with self-confidence and dedication to take a popular stand and refuses to back down, they may assume that he or she has a point Snowball effect = When more and more of the majority gradually change towards the minority's cause, resulting in societal change
Match the following types of conformity with their descriptions:
Normative social influence = A person conforms to fit in with the group because they don't want to appear foolish or be left out Informational social influence = A person conforms because they have a desire to be right and look to others who may have more information Compliance = A person agrees in public with a group but privately disagrees with their opinion or behavior Internal locus of control = People with this tend to perceive themselves as having personal control over their behavior and take responsibility for it
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Social cryptomnesia = When people can remember a change but not how it came about Minority influence = A small group of people manage to persuade the majority to adopt their point of view Compliance = Instances where a person agrees in public with a group but privately disagrees with their opinion or behavior Locus of control = Refers to how much control a person feels they have in their own behavior
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Normative Social Influence = Conforming to fit in with the group because they don't want to appear deviant or be left out Informational Social Influence = Conforming because they have a desire to be right and look to others who may have more information Conformity to Social Roles = The part people play as members of a social group Agency Theory = People will obey an authority when they believe that the authority will take responsibility for the consequences of their actions
Match the following types of conformity with their examples:
Normative Conformity = A person feels pressurized to smoke because the rest of their friends are Informational Conformity = Someone goes to a posh restaurant for the first time and is unsure which fork to use, so they look to a nearby person for guidance Identification = Conforming to the expectations of a social role Internal Locus of Control = A person feels they have control over their own behavior
Match the following factors affecting conformity with their descriptions:
Social Support = The presence of a dissident (a confederate who did not conform) leads to a decrease in the conformity levels in true participants Locus of Control = Refers to how much control a person feels they have in their own behavior Situational Factors = The Milgram experiment was carried out many times whereby Milgram varied the basic procedure to investigate which situational factors affected obedience Authoritarian Personality = A person who favors an authoritarian social system and admires obedience to authority figures
Match the following theories with their key ideas:
Moscovici's Theory of Minority Influence = Consistency is the most important factor in deciding whether the minority is influential Agency Theory = People will obey an authority when they believe that the authority will take responsibility for the consequences of their actions Rotter's Locus of Control = Describes how much control a person feels they have in their own behavior Adorno's Authoritarian Personality = A person who favors an authoritarian social system and admires obedience to authority figures
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Compliance = Instances where a person agrees in public with a group but privately disagrees with their viewpoint or behavior Social Roles = The part people play as members of a social group Obedience = People will obey an authority when they believe that the authority will take responsibility for the consequences of their actions Conformity = The act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms
Match the following studies with their key findings:
Asch = The presence of a dissident (a confederate who did not conform) led to a decrease in the conformity levels in true participants Milgram = When participants were reminded that they had responsibility for their own actions, almost none of them were prepared to obey Jenness = A person goes to a posh restaurant for the first time and is unsure which fork to use, so they look to a nearby person to see what fork to use first Moscovici = The consistent minority group had a greater effect on the other participants than the inconsistent group
Match the following concepts with their definitions:
Normative Social Influence = Occurs when a person conforms to fit in with the group because they don't want to appear deviant or be left out Informational Social Influence = Occurs when a person conforms because they have a desire to be right and look to others who may have more information Locus of Control = Refers to how much control a person feels they have in their own behavior Identification = Occurs when someone conforms to the demands of a given social role
Match the following types of conformity with their definitions:
Compliance = Refers to instances where a person may agree in public with a group of people, but the person privately disagrees with the group’s viewpoint or behavior Internalisation = Refers to publicly changing behavior to fit in with the group while also agreeing with them privately. An internal (private) and external (public) change of behavior Identification = Occurs when someone conforms to the demands of a given social role in society. This type of conformity extends over several aspects of external behavior. However, there is no change to internal personal opinion Normative Influence = Is where a person conforms to fit in with the group because they don’t want to appear foolish or be left out. It is usually associated with compliance, where a person changes their public behavior but not their private beliefs
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Normative social influence = Where a person conforms to fit in with the group because they don’t want to appear foolish or be left out Locus of control = Refers to the part people play as members of a social group Social roles = The expectations placed on individuals within a social group Agency theory = Proposes that people will obey an authority figure if they believe that the authority figure is morally right and has the legitimate power to enforce compliance
Match the following studies with their descriptions:
Asch’s Line Study = A study on compliance, where a person changes their public behavior but not their private beliefs Jenness = A study on internalisation, which involves a deep change of behavior where the beliefs of the group become part of the individual’s own belief system Zimbardo’s prison study = An example of identification, where someone conforms to the demands of a given social role in society
Match the following concepts with their explanations:
Conformity to social roles = Occurs when someone conforms to the demands of a given social role in society, but there is no change to their internal personal opinion Minority influence = Occurs when a small group of people (the minority) manage to persuade the majority to adopt their point of view Internal locus of control = Refers to individuals who perceive their behaviors as being a result of their own choices and efforts External locus of control = Refers to individuals who perceive their behaviors as being a result of external influences or luck
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Compliance = Refers to instances where a person agrees in public with a group but privately disagrees with their viewpoint or behavior Internalisation = Occurs when a person publicly changes behavior to fit in with the group while also agreeing with them privately. It involves a deep change of behavior, where the beliefs of the group become part of the individual’s own belief system Identification = Occurs when someone conforms to the demands of a given social role in society. It involves several aspects of external behavior, but there is no change to internal personal opinion Normative Influence = Is where a person conforms to fit in with the group because they don’t want to appear foolish or be left out. It is usually associated with compliance, where a person changes their public behavior but not their private beliefs
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Normative social influence = Occurs when a person conforms to fit in with the group because they don’t want to appear foolish or be left out Locus of control = Refers to the part people play as members of a social group Social roles = Are the expectations placed on individuals within a social group Agency theory = Proposes that people will obey an authority figure if they believe that the authority figure is morally right and has the legitimate power to enforce compliance
Match the following studies with their descriptions:
Asch’s Line Study = A study on compliance, where a person changes their public behavior but not their private beliefs Jenness = A study on internalisation, which involves a deep change of behavior where the beliefs of the group become part of the individual’s own belief system Zimbardo’s prison study = An example of identification, where someone conforms to the demands of a given social role in society
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Minority influence = When a small group of people manage to persuade the majority to adopt their point of view Crypto amnesia = The process in which the minority opinion becomes the dominant position in society Normative social influence = Where a person conforms to fit in with the group because they don't want to appear foolish or be left out Informational social influence = Where a person conforms because they have a desire to be right and look to others who they believe may have more information
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Majority opinion = Becomes law, and people have to obey this law Minority opinion = More and more people adopt, until gradually the minority becomes the majority Consistency = According to Moscovici, being consistent and unchanging in a view is more likely to influence the majority Compliance = Refers to instances where a person agrees in public with a group but privately disagrees with their views or behavior
Match the following concepts with their associated researchers:
Asch and Milgram's studies = Demonstrates that a minority can have an affect on the majority Moscovici = Proposed that being consistent and unchanging in a view is more likely to influence the majority Nemeth's experiment = Revealed that compromise by a consistent minority has an effect on the majority Adorno = Proposed that obedience is primarily influenced by situational factors rather than personality factors
Match the following terms with their explanations:
Locus of control = Refers to the extent to which individuals believe they can control events that affect them Conformity to social roles = Occurs when an individual adopts a specific role within a group and conforms to the expectations associated with that role Social cryptomnesia = The process where people do not even remember where the opinion originated from Snowball effect in social change = When a small change leads to a larger change, which in turn leads to an even larger change
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Compliance = When a person agrees in public with a group but privately disagrees with their views or behavior Internal locus of control = Tend to be less conforming and less obedient Normative social influence = Leads to temporary change in behavior Informational social influence = Leads to permanent change in behavior
Match the following terms with their meanings:
Dissenter or disobedient role model = Influences the behavior of the majority, according to Asch and Milgram's research Internalisation = The deepest level of conformity where the beliefs of the group become part of the individual's own belief system Conformity = Occurs when an individual changes their behavior or beliefs to match those of a group Identification = The importance of this is often overlooked in minority influence research
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Majority = Once the minority becomes the majority, the people who have not changed their opinion are now the minority Consistency in a minority = More likely to influence the majority than if a minority is inconsistent and changes their mind Methodological issues in Asch and Milgram's studies = Both studies are based on artificial tasks (judging line lengths) Importance of identification = Often overlooked in minority influence research
Match the following terms with their explanations:
Normative social influence = Leads to conformity due to a desire to be accepted and avoid rejection Informational social influence = Leads to conformity due to a desire to be correct and gain knowledge Compliance = A superficial type of conformity where a person publicly agrees with the group but privately disagrees Internalisation = The deepest level of conformity where the beliefs of the group become part of the individual's own belief system
Match the following terms with their meanings:
Minority influence = When a small group of people manage to persuade the majority to adopt their point of view Crypto amnesia = The process in which the minority opinion becomes the dominant position in society Normative social influence = Where a person conforms to fit in with the group because they don't want to appear foolish or be left out Informational social influence = Where a person conforms because they have a desire to be right and look to others who they believe may have more information
Quiz: Internal vs External Locus of Control Test your understanding of internal and external locus of control with this quiz. Learn how individuals perceive personal control over their behavior and the impact it has on their actions. Discover if you lean towards taking personal responsibility or attributing behavior to external factors.
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