Social Influence and Conformity
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Questions and Answers

What type of conformity is demonstrated by Jan?

  • Compliance
  • Obedience
  • Internalisation (correct)
  • Identification

    • Which reason best explains why Norah conformed to her friends' behavior?

  • Desire to be correct
  • Solely to impress her friends
  • Personal belief in organic food
  • Desire for group approval (correct)

    • What does normative influence typically lead to?

  • Temporary change in behavior (correct)
  • Increased knowledge about norms
  • Deep-seated change in behavior
  • Permanent attitude transformation

    • Which of the following situations illustrates informational influence?

    <p>Looking to others for fork usage in a restaurant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asch's Line Study is related to which type of conformity?

    <p>Normative influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes internalisation?

    <p>Both public and private acceptance of beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of Jenness' Bean Jar Experiment?

    <p>To study the effects of group influence on individual estimates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Asch's Line Experiment, how many confederates were typically in each group?

    <p>5-7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely outcome for someone who conforms out of normative influence?

    <p>Temporary change in behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the time did real participants conform in Asch's Line Experiment during critical trials?

    <p>32%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of social influence did Jenness’ Bean Jar Experiment likely exemplify?

    <p>Informational social influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a noted limitation of Asch's Line Experiment regarding sampling?

    <p>It only involved male participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A key ethical issue in Asch's study was related to which of the following?

    <p>Deception regarding the purpose of the study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of ecological validity was criticized in Asch's Line Experiment?

    <p>The task being overly simplistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one outcome of Asch's study regarding participants' experiences?

    <p>They might have felt embarrassed about providing incorrect answers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Normative influence' refer to in the context of conformity?

    <p>Conforming to fit in while privately disagreeing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the effect of increasing the number of confederates in Asch's study?

    <p>Conformity peaked and then plateaued around four to five confederates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does group unanimity affect conformity?

    <p>Conformity decreases when there is dissent in the group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to conformity when tasks become more difficult?

    <p>Conformity increases as uncertainty arises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does answering in private have on conformity?

    <p>Conformity rates decrease due to reduced group pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'identification' in the context of social roles?

    <p>The pressure to conform to expectations of a social role.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the optimal group size for conformity according to Asch's studies?

    <p>Four to five confederates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might people suspect collusion in a group?

    <p>If the group has more than four members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Stanford Prison Experiment?

    <p>To investigate the roles people play in prison situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the guards wear in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

    <p>Khaki uniforms, whistles, handcuffs, and dark glasses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the behavior of the guards change during the experiment?

    <p>They adopted a brutal and sadistic demeanor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common behavior exhibited by the prisoners during the experiment?

    <p>They started to tell tales on each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation was noted regarding the findings of the Stanford Prison Experiment?

    <p>Demand characteristics might influence the behavior observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the prisoners begin to perceive the prison rules?

    <p>As regulations that required strict adherence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did the Stanford Prison Experiment have on the U.S. prison system?

    <p>It altered how prisons are operated in the U.S.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Zimbardo play during the Stanford Prison Experiment?

    <p>As both a researcher and the prison warden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the ethical criticisms of the study mentioned?

    <p>Participants were not fully informed of the experiment's risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the highest voltage that participants in Milgram's study were instructed to administer?

    <p>450 volts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Mr. Williams play in Milgram's Shock Study?

    <p>The experimenter giving orders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Milgram measure the impact of changes in the situation on obedience?

    <p>By altering aspects of the study's setup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are juveniles accused of federal crimes no longer housed with adult prisoners?

    <p>Due to the risk of violence against them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of participants were willing to administer the maximum shock level of 450 volts?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one outcome of the harmful treatment observed in Milgram's study?

    <p>The formal recognition of ethical guidelines in research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary aim of Milgram's Shock Study?

    <p>To investigate obedience to authority figures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the percentage of obedience when the experimenter instructed the teacher by telephone from another room?

    <p>20.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation is cited regarding the ecological validity of Milgram's study?

    <p>Participants were not representative of real people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of participants were exclusively used in Milgram's study?

    <p>Males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical issue did Milgram's study face concerning deception?

    <p>Participants believed they were shocking a real person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one observable sign of stress among participants during the experiment?

    <p>Trembling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of participants reported being glad to have participated in Milgram's study?

    <p>83.7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key strength of Milgram's study?

    <p>The use of a standardized procedure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Milgram justify the potential psychological harm caused to participants during the study?

    <p>The effects were only short term, and debriefing helped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Social Influence

    • Social influence is a change in belief or behavior in response to real or imagined pressure.
    • Types of conformity include internalization, identification, and compliance.
    • Internalization involves a private and public change in behavior.
    • Identification involves conforming to a role or group while personally disagreeing.
    • Compliance involves conforming publicly but not privately.

    Explanations of Conformity

    • Normative social influence is conforming to fit in, avoid disapproval, or gain approval, often resulting in temporary compliance.
    • Informational social influence is conforming when uncertain about a situation or lacking knowledge, often resulting in internalization.

    Asch's Line Study

    • Asch investigated conformity using a line judgment task.
    • Participants conformed to incorrect majority answers in about 37% of trials.
    • Evaluating factors include:
      • Group size: Conformity increased with larger groups but leveled off
      • Unanimity: one person disagreeing reduced conformity.
      • Difficulty of task: greater similarity in length of lines increased conformity.

    Factors Affecting Conformity

    • Group size significantly affects conformity with larger groups leading to higher levels, but up to a certain point.
    • Group unanimity is that participants conform more when all are in agreement with majorities, whereas dissidents help decrease conformity.
    • Task difficulty affects conformity; when task difficulty increased, conformity levels increased.
    • Answer in private decreases conformity. If others don't know the participant's response, the pressure to conform decreases.

    Conformity to Social Roles

    • Social roles are expected behaviours for a social group.
    • Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment investigated conformity to social roles.
    • Participants quickly adopted their assigned prisoner or guard roles, resulting in extreme behaviours.
    • Evaluation of this study includes issues with demand characteristics, lack of full informed consent, and potential psychological harm.

    Obedience

    • Obedience is following an explicit order from an authority figure.
    • Milgram's Shock Study investigated obedience to authority.
    • Participants administered shocks at increasing levels to a confederate learner based on the experimenters' orders in lab experiments.
    • Key factors in the experiment included:
      • Experimenter's status: High status experimenter increased obedience, low status decreases obedience
      • The proximity of experimenter: Proximity to experimenter increased obedience. The opposite decreased obedience.
      • Location: The prestige environment increases obedience. Opposite decreases obedience.

    Explanations for Obedience

    • Agentic state: Participants shift responsibility from themselves to the experimenter.
    • Legitimacy of authority: Respecting authority figure's status.
    • Dispositional Factors: Personality (authoritarian personality, high need for social control), factors that explain obedience.
    • Evaluation of Milgram's study includes ethical issues (deception, lack of informed consent) and questions of external validity.

    Resistance to Social Influence

    • Independent behaviour: resisting social pressure.
    • Social Support: Presence of someone else who resists leads to lower levels of conformity or obedience
    • Locus of Control: Internal Locus of Control shows higher levels of resisting social pressure and lower levels of conformity and obedience.

    Minority Influence

    • Minority influence occurs when a small group influences the majority to change their beliefs or behaviours.
    • Crucial factors for minority influence include:
      • Consistency: Consistent viewpoint is crucial
      • Commitment: Demonstrating dedication to viewpoint is essential
      • Flexibility: Minor adjustments to viewpoints to show compromise, while staying consistent

    Moscovici's study

    • In Moscovici's study Participants responded to green slides as green.
    • The consistent minority had more of an impact on the majority.
    • Incompetent confederates had low impact.

    Social Change

    • Social change involves a shift in societal norms or beliefs.
    • Minority influence plays a role in social change, although it is a slow process.

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    Social Influence A-Level Revision Notes AQA(A) PDF

    Description

    Explore the concepts of social influence and conformity in this quiz. You'll delve into types of conformity, the distinctions between internalization, identification, and compliance, and Asch's famous line study. Test your understanding of how societal pressures can shape beliefs and behaviors.

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