Interleukin 6 and Its Functions
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What types of cells are primarily responsible for producing Interleukin 6 (IL-6)?

  • Only macrophages
  • Both B-cells and collagen-producing cells
  • T-cells, B-cells, and fibroblasts (correct)
  • Lymphocytes and macrophages

    • Which of the following diseases is NOT associated with the inflammatory processes stimulated by IL-6?

  • Atherosclerosis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
  • Asthma (correct)
  • Diabetes

    • What is the primary role of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) concerning fever?

  • It neutralizes toxins to prevent fever.
  • It acts as a mediator for fever and the acute phase response. (correct)
  • It activates T-cells to produce antibodies.
  • It suppresses the fever response.

    • Which of the following best describes how IL-6 is secreted?

    <p>Released by macrophages in response to certain microbial molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what condition may IL-6 stimulate autoimmune processes?

    <p>Multiple myeloma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effect of Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra)?

    <p>Competes with and inhibits IL-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy is a dimeric fusion protein that targets IL-1?

    <p>Rilonacept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anakinra is classified as which type of therapy?

    <p>Recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT mentioned as an off-label use for IL-1Ra?

    <p>Kawasaki disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Canakinumab is primarily classified as which type of molecule?

    <p>Human IgG1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)?

    <p>Regulates inflammatory responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are NOT identified as sources of TNF-α?

    <p>Plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transcription factor does TNF-α primarily stimulate to regulate inflammation?

    <p>Nuclear factor (NF)-κB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with increased levels of TNF-α?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules are the primary effects of TNF-α on?

    <p>Pro-inflammatory cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells is NOT a source of TNF-α?

    <p>Endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is primarily responsible for initiating the inflammatory cascade via TNF-α?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chronic immune-mediated diseases, TNF-α is primarily involved in which aspect?

    <p>Mediating inflammatory responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody binds to CD20 and is under investigation for multiple sclerosis (MS)?

    <p>Ofatumumab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell line is Ublituximab produced in?

    <p>Rat cell line (YB2/0)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody has a higher affinity towards CD20 compared to rituximab?

    <p>Ofatumumab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody specifically binds to CD19?

    <p>Inebilizumab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic does Ublituximab have that enhances antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

    <p>Low fucose content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy binds to CD19, ultimately resulting in B-cell death?

    <p>Inebilizumab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for Belimumab?

    <p>Neutralization of B-cell activating factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does afucosylation enhance in therapies like Inebilizumab?

    <p>Both ADCC and ADCP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT mentioned in relation to Ianalumab?

    <p>Rheumatoid arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell line is employed in the production of Inebilizumab?

    <p>Human YB2/0 cell line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine does Belimumab target to reduce B-cell activity?

    <p>BAFF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which clinical condition is Ianalumab currently undergoing Phase III trials?

    <p>SLE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Ianalumab have on B-cells?

    <p>Preventing BAFF signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Ustekinumab?

    <p>Binds to the p40 subunit of IL-12 and IL-23, preventing their receptor interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following therapies selectively binds to the p19 subunit of IL-23?

    <p>Guselkumab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was Guselkumab approved?

    <p>2017</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells does Risankizumab use for manufacturing?

    <p>CHO cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT listed under the clinical applications for Tildrakizumab?

    <p>Psoriatic arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibody is Mirikizumab classified as?

    <p>Human IgG4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Guselkumab affect pro-inflammatory cytokine release?

    <p>By blocking IL-23 receptor interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular format of Ustekinumab?

    <p>Human IgG1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy has been investigated for Crohn's disease?

    <p>Guselkumab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the clinical applications of the therapies mentioned?

    <p>Ustekinumab is approved for four conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Antibody Therapeutics for Cancer

    • Antibody therapeutics target various cancer-related factors like growth factors and immune checkpoints,
    • Growth factor targets include EGFR/HER1 (cetuximab, panitumumab), HER2 (trastuzumab, pertuzumab), and VEGF (bevacizumab, ranibizumab, aflibercept, ramucirumab).
    • Immune checkpoint targets include CTLA-4 (ipilimumab), PD-1 (nivolumab, pembrolizumab), PD-L1 (atezolizumab, durvalumab), and CD20 (rituximab, ofatumumab, obinutuzumab).
    • Additional targeted therapies involve EpCAM and CD3 (atumaxomab) and CD3 and CD19 (blinatumomab).

    Antibody Therapeutics for Autoimmune, Cardiovascular, and Infectious Diseases

    • Antibody therapeutics are used to treat autoimmune, cardiovascular, and infectious diseases.

    Autoimmune Diseases

    • Autoimmune diseases affect 3-10% of the general population,
    • These disorders involve dysregulated inflammation against self-antigens.
    • They can affect various body parts (e.g., heart, brain, nerves, muscles, skin, eyes, joints, lungs, kidneys, glands, digestive tract),
    • Numerous autoimmune disorders exist, with over 100 different types.

    Autoimmune Diseases: Treatments

    • Conventional treatments for autoimmune diseases often suppress general immune function to modulate inflammation.
    • Recent advancements in disease pathogenesis and drug manufacturing techniques have led to targeted immunotherapy, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and fusion proteins targeting specific molecular mediators or cell-surface markers.
    • Targeted TNF protein therapeutics have improved autoimmune disease treatment.

    Autoimmune Diseases: Targets

    • Autoimmune inflammation involves dysregulated immune cell activation, inflammatory cytokines, and intracellular signaling molecules.
    • Key molecules in the inflammatory pathway are therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases.

    Targets

    • Targets include cytokines, B and T cells, and kinases.
    • Emerging targets and therapeutic approaches are also being investigated.

    Cytokine-Targeted Therapies

    • Specific antibodies are targeted against various cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-17) in autoimmune diseases.
    • Drugs include etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, certolizumab, and others that target their specific receptors.

    Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α)-Targeted Therapies

    • TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by immune cells.
    • These therapies target TNF-α to reduce its inflammatory effects in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and others.
    • Specific drugs include infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, and certolizumab pegol.

    Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α)-Targeted Therapies - Mechanisms

    • Various formats include chimeric IgG1, fusion proteins, humanized IgG1, humanized IgG1 Fab fragments ,and humanized IgG1.

    Type 1 Interferons (IFNs)-Targeted Therapies

    • Type 1 interferons (e.g., IFN-α, IFN-β) play major roles in inflammatory responses and autoimmune disorders.
    • Anifrolumab is a targeted therapy that inhibits type 1 interferon activity.

    Cell-Targeted Therapies

    • Cell therapies target B- or T-cells to treat autoimmune disorders.
    • Strategies include targeting antigens on B-cells (using anti-CD20 antibodies like rituximab) or regulating T-cell activity (e.g., abatacept).

    B-Cell-Targeted Therapies

    • Antibodies that target specific B-cell molecules (e.g., CD20, BAFF) or manipulate cytokine pathways.
    • Therapies for B cells include Rituximab, Ocrelizumab, Ofatumumab, and others.

    T-Cell-Targeted Therapies

    • Strategies to regulate T cell activity, including targeting key molecules involved in T-cell activation and regulation (such as CTLA-4, CD40).
    • Therapies for T cells include abatacept.

    Kinase-Targeted Therapies

    • Kinase inhibitors (e.g., JAK inhibitors like tofacitinib and baricitinib) are used to treat various autoimmune disorders.

    Emerging Targets and New Approaches

    • Novel therapeutic approaches, including CAR T-cell therapy, low-dose IL-2 therapy, and immune tolerance induction are being investigated.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on Interleukin 6 (IL-6), its role in inflammation, fever, and the types of cells that produce it. This quiz covers key concepts related to IL-6 and its implications in various diseases. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand this important cytokine!

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