Interleukin 6 and Its Functions
41 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What types of cells are primarily responsible for producing Interleukin 6 (IL-6)?

  • Only macrophages
  • Both B-cells and collagen-producing cells
  • T-cells, B-cells, and fibroblasts (correct)
  • Lymphocytes and macrophages

Which of the following diseases is NOT associated with the inflammatory processes stimulated by IL-6?

  • Atherosclerosis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
  • Asthma (correct)
  • Diabetes

What is the primary role of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) concerning fever?

  • It neutralizes toxins to prevent fever.
  • It acts as a mediator for fever and the acute phase response. (correct)
  • It activates T-cells to produce antibodies.
  • It suppresses the fever response.

Which of the following best describes how IL-6 is secreted?

<p>Released by macrophages in response to certain microbial molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what condition may IL-6 stimulate autoimmune processes?

<p>Multiple myeloma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an effect of Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra)?

<p>Competes with and inhibits IL-1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy is a dimeric fusion protein that targets IL-1?

<p>Rilonacept (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anakinra is classified as which type of therapy?

<p>Recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT mentioned as an off-label use for IL-1Ra?

<p>Kawasaki disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Canakinumab is primarily classified as which type of molecule?

<p>Human IgG1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)?

<p>Regulates inflammatory responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are NOT identified as sources of TNF-α?

<p>Plasma cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which transcription factor does TNF-α primarily stimulate to regulate inflammation?

<p>Nuclear factor (NF)-κB (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with increased levels of TNF-α?

<p>Type 2 diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules are the primary effects of TNF-α on?

<p>Pro-inflammatory cytokines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells is NOT a source of TNF-α?

<p>Endothelial cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is primarily responsible for initiating the inflammatory cascade via TNF-α?

<p>Macrophages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In chronic immune-mediated diseases, TNF-α is primarily involved in which aspect?

<p>Mediating inflammatory responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibody binds to CD20 and is under investigation for multiple sclerosis (MS)?

<p>Ofatumumab (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell line is Ublituximab produced in?

<p>Rat cell line (YB2/0) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibody has a higher affinity towards CD20 compared to rituximab?

<p>Ofatumumab (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibody specifically binds to CD19?

<p>Inebilizumab (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic does Ublituximab have that enhances antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

<p>Low fucose content (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy binds to CD19, ultimately resulting in B-cell death?

<p>Inebilizumab (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for Belimumab?

<p>Neutralization of B-cell activating factor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does afucosylation enhance in therapies like Inebilizumab?

<p>Both ADCC and ADCP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT mentioned in relation to Ianalumab?

<p>Rheumatoid arthritis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell line is employed in the production of Inebilizumab?

<p>Human YB2/0 cell line (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine does Belimumab target to reduce B-cell activity?

<p>BAFF (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which clinical condition is Ianalumab currently undergoing Phase III trials?

<p>SLE (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does Ianalumab have on B-cells?

<p>Preventing BAFF signaling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Ustekinumab?

<p>Binds to the p40 subunit of IL-12 and IL-23, preventing their receptor interaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following therapies selectively binds to the p19 subunit of IL-23?

<p>Guselkumab (A), Mirikizumab (B), Tildrakizumab (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year was Guselkumab approved?

<p>2017 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells does Risankizumab use for manufacturing?

<p>CHO cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT listed under the clinical applications for Tildrakizumab?

<p>Psoriatic arthritis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibody is Mirikizumab classified as?

<p>Human IgG4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Guselkumab affect pro-inflammatory cytokine release?

<p>By blocking IL-23 receptor interaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular format of Ustekinumab?

<p>Human IgG1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy has been investigated for Crohn's disease?

<p>Guselkumab (A), Ustekinumab (C), Risankizumab (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the clinical applications of the therapies mentioned?

<p>Ustekinumab is approved for four conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

TNF-α

A protein released by immune cells, primarily monocytes and their descendants, that triggers inflammation.

Macrophages

Cells that engulf and destroy foreign invaders and cellular debris.

Macrophages / NF-κB

TNF-α stimulates these cells to release pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Chronic Inflammation

A type of inflammatory response that lasts for a long time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Autoimmune Diseases

A group of immune-related diseases involving inflammation of the joints.

Signup and view all the flashcards

TNF-α and Autoimmunity

TNF-α plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune conditions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cytokine

A molecule that signals between cells, initiating various physiological responses, often associated with inflammation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inflammatory Response

TNF-α triggers and amplifies the inflammatory response.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

A protein that signals between cells, promoting inflammation and immune responses. It's produced by various immune cells, especially macrophages, in response to microbial molecules.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acute phase response

A rapid and coordinated response to infection or injury, involving the release of inflammatory mediators, like IL-6, to protect the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

IL-6 and disease

IL-6 plays a role in the development and progression of numerous diseases, including diabetes, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is IL-1Ra?

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is a naturally occurring protein that competes with and inhibits the inflammatory effects of Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a powerful inflammatory cytokine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does Anakinra work?

Anakinra is a recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) protein that acts as a decoy to prevent IL-1 from triggering inflammation. Similar to IL-1Ra, it binds to the IL-1 receptor and blocks the signal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Canakinumab's mechanism of action?

Canakinumab is a monoclonal antibody that specifically targets IL-1β, a specific type of Interleukin-1, involved in the inflammatory process. It works by neutralizing IL-1β, preventing its binding to its receptor and thus reducing inflammation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does Rilonacept work?

Rilonacept is a fusion protein composed of parts of the IL-1 receptor and its accessory protein, coupled to an antibody fragment. This allows it to bind and neutralize both IL-1α and IL-1β, effectively blocking their inflammatory effects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are IL-1β-targeted therapies?

IL-1β-targeted therapies are medications specifically designed to block the activity of Interleukin-1β, a key inflammatory mediator. These drugs work by interfering with IL-1β's signaling pathway, reducing inflammation and potentially improving symptoms in various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ulcerative Colitis (UC)

A type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by inflammation and ulcers in the colon.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Crohn's Disease (CD)

A type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affecting any part of the digestive tract from mouth to anus, causing inflammation and ulcers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA)

A chronic autoimmune disease affecting the joints, skin, and other organs, characterized by inflammation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interleukin-23 (IL-23)

A cytokine that plays a role in inflammation and autoimmune disorders.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Th17 Cells

A type of immune cell that helps regulate the immune response and is involved in inflammation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ustekinumab

A protein that binds to the p40 subunit of both IL-12 and IL-23, preventing them from activating their receptors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Guselkumab

A protein that selectively binds to the p19 subunit of IL-23, preventing it from initiating inflammation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Risankizumab

A protein that binds to the p19 subunit of IL-23, preventing its action on the IL-23 receptor.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tildrakizumab

A protein that binds to the p19 subunit of IL-23 and neutralizes its ability to cause inflammation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mirikizumab

A protein that binds to the p19 subunit of IL-23 and inhibits its activity, currently under investigation for various inflammatory conditions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anti-B cell therapy

A type of antibody therapy designed specifically to target and eliminate B cells, contributing to the suppression of the immune response.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

A type of immunotherapy that helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. It uses antibodies to target specific proteins on the surface of cancer cells, leading to their destruction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP)

A type of immunotherapy that helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. It uses antibodies to target specific proteins on the surface of cancer cells, leading to their destruction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fucose

A sugar molecule that is often found on antibodies. Decreasing the fucose content on an antibody enhances its ability to trigger ADCC and ADCP, making it more effective at eliminating targeted cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Afucosylation

A process used to modify antibodies to make them more effective. This typically involves reducing fucose content, enhancing their ability to trigger ADCC and ADCP.

Signup and view all the flashcards

B-Cell

A type of cell that plays a key role in the immune response. They are responsible for producing antibodies, which help to fight infections and other diseases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anti-BAFF therapy

A type of antibody therapy that targets and blocks the activity of B cell activating factor (BAFF), which is a protein involved in B cell development and survival.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Belimumab

A type of monoclonal antibody therapy that directly binds to and neutralizes the cytokine B cell activating factor (BAFF), preventing its interaction with B cells and reducing their activation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ofatumumab

A monoclonal antibody therapy used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) that targets the CD20 antigen on B cells. It is a human IgG1 antibody produced in a murine cell line (NS0).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ublituximab

A monoclonal antibody used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS). It is a chimeric IgG1 antibody produced in a rat cell line (YB2/0). It has a low fucose content, enhancing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inebilizumab

A humanized afucosylated IgG1 monoclonal antibody used to treat neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). It binds to CD19, a B-cell surface antigen, and triggers cell death.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Humanized Antibody

A type of monoclonal antibody that is modified to be more similar to human antibodies, reducing the risk of an immune response.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Antibody Therapeutics for Cancer

  • Antibody therapeutics target various cancer-related factors like growth factors and immune checkpoints,
  • Growth factor targets include EGFR/HER1 (cetuximab, panitumumab), HER2 (trastuzumab, pertuzumab), and VEGF (bevacizumab, ranibizumab, aflibercept, ramucirumab).
  • Immune checkpoint targets include CTLA-4 (ipilimumab), PD-1 (nivolumab, pembrolizumab), PD-L1 (atezolizumab, durvalumab), and CD20 (rituximab, ofatumumab, obinutuzumab).
  • Additional targeted therapies involve EpCAM and CD3 (atumaxomab) and CD3 and CD19 (blinatumomab).

Antibody Therapeutics for Autoimmune, Cardiovascular, and Infectious Diseases

  • Antibody therapeutics are used to treat autoimmune, cardiovascular, and infectious diseases.

Autoimmune Diseases

  • Autoimmune diseases affect 3-10% of the general population,
  • These disorders involve dysregulated inflammation against self-antigens.
  • They can affect various body parts (e.g., heart, brain, nerves, muscles, skin, eyes, joints, lungs, kidneys, glands, digestive tract),
  • Numerous autoimmune disorders exist, with over 100 different types.

Autoimmune Diseases: Treatments

  • Conventional treatments for autoimmune diseases often suppress general immune function to modulate inflammation.
  • Recent advancements in disease pathogenesis and drug manufacturing techniques have led to targeted immunotherapy, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and fusion proteins targeting specific molecular mediators or cell-surface markers.
  • Targeted TNF protein therapeutics have improved autoimmune disease treatment.

Autoimmune Diseases: Targets

  • Autoimmune inflammation involves dysregulated immune cell activation, inflammatory cytokines, and intracellular signaling molecules.
  • Key molecules in the inflammatory pathway are therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases.

Targets

  • Targets include cytokines, B and T cells, and kinases.
  • Emerging targets and therapeutic approaches are also being investigated.

Cytokine-Targeted Therapies

  • Specific antibodies are targeted against various cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-17) in autoimmune diseases.
  • Drugs include etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, certolizumab, and others that target their specific receptors.

Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α)-Targeted Therapies

  • TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by immune cells.
  • These therapies target TNF-α to reduce its inflammatory effects in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and others.
  • Specific drugs include infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, and certolizumab pegol.

Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α)-Targeted Therapies - Mechanisms

  • Various formats include chimeric IgG1, fusion proteins, humanized IgG1, humanized IgG1 Fab fragments ,and humanized IgG1.

Type 1 Interferons (IFNs)-Targeted Therapies

  • Type 1 interferons (e.g., IFN-α, IFN-β) play major roles in inflammatory responses and autoimmune disorders.
  • Anifrolumab is a targeted therapy that inhibits type 1 interferon activity.

Cell-Targeted Therapies

  • Cell therapies target B- or T-cells to treat autoimmune disorders.
  • Strategies include targeting antigens on B-cells (using anti-CD20 antibodies like rituximab) or regulating T-cell activity (e.g., abatacept).

B-Cell-Targeted Therapies

  • Antibodies that target specific B-cell molecules (e.g., CD20, BAFF) or manipulate cytokine pathways.
  • Therapies for B cells include Rituximab, Ocrelizumab, Ofatumumab, and others.

T-Cell-Targeted Therapies

  • Strategies to regulate T cell activity, including targeting key molecules involved in T-cell activation and regulation (such as CTLA-4, CD40).
  • Therapies for T cells include abatacept.

Kinase-Targeted Therapies

  • Kinase inhibitors (e.g., JAK inhibitors like tofacitinib and baricitinib) are used to treat various autoimmune disorders.

Emerging Targets and New Approaches

  • Novel therapeutic approaches, including CAR T-cell therapy, low-dose IL-2 therapy, and immune tolerance induction are being investigated.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Description

Test your knowledge on Interleukin 6 (IL-6), its role in inflammation, fever, and the types of cells that produce it. This quiz covers key concepts related to IL-6 and its implications in various diseases. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand this important cytokine!

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser