Intelligence (summary)

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following tests is NOT a subscale of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?

  • Block Design
  • Picture Arrangement
  • Digit Symbol (correct)
  • Object Assembly

What is the primary purpose of Raven's Progressive Matrices?

  • To determine a person's musical aptitude
  • To measure abstract reasoning (correct)
  • To assess verbal fluency
  • To evaluate emotional intelligence

Which of the following is a potential misuse of intelligence test results?

  • Promoting eugenics policies and social exclusion (correct)
  • Identifying children who might benefit from special education
  • Evaluating the effectiveness of educational interventions
  • Using them in clinical settings for diagnosis

The Flynn Effect refers to:

<p>A gradual increase in intelligence scores across generations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors contribute to the Flynn Effect?

<p>Improved nutrition and healthcare (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of factor analysis in intelligence testing?

<p>To identify specific skills that contribute to overall intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'g' factor, coined by Galton, referring to in the context of intelligence?

<p>A general intelligence factor influencing various cognitive abilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible application of Raven's Progressive Matrices?

<p>Assessing emotional intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of intelligence is primarily related to an individual's ability to solve abstract problems and see patterns in an inductive fashion?

<p>Fluid Intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between the psychometric and cognitive approaches to intelligence?

<p>The psychometric approach focuses on individual differences, while the cognitive approach focuses on the underlying mechanisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of test is most likely to be used to assess crystallized intelligence?

<p>A test measuring vocabulary knowledge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the correlation between CAT scores and GCSE performance (0.81) tell us about the relationship between intelligence and academic achievement?

<p>Intelligence plays a significant role in predicting academic success. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the studies mentioned, what is a factor that can potentially lead to cognitive decline?

<p>Having the APOE gene variant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Brenda Plassman's research, which of the following is NOT a factor that can contribute to faster cognitive decline?

<p>A Mediterranean diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between intelligence and longevity, based on the Scottish Mental Survey?

<p>Higher IQ was associated with increased longevity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor commonly associated with crystallized intelligence?

<p>Spatial reasoning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Sternberg's research on individual conceptions of intelligence encompass?

<p>Examining how people from various backgrounds define intelligence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines implicit theories of intelligence?

<p>Personal beliefs and understandings about what constitutes intelligence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge faced by researchers when studying intelligence?

<p>Defining and measuring intelligence in a consistent and reliable way. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following demonstrates the concept of operationalization, as applied to intelligence?

<p>Using a standardized IQ test to measure cognitive abilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Sternberg's research on individual conceptions of intelligence suggest about people's understanding of intelligence?

<p>People's conceptions of intelligence can vary widely depending on their experiences and perspectives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, what is a key difference in the cognitive emphasis between Western and Non-Western cultures?

<p>Western cultures prioritize speed and efficiency in mental processing, while Non-Western cultures value social, historical, and spiritual aspects of interaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic observed in an ideal 6-month-old baby, according to the information provided?

<p>Demonstrating advanced problem-solving skills. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information, which of the following is a hallmark of intelligence in a 10-year-old child?

<p>The ability to solve problems creatively and logically. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding from Sternberg's study involving 200 professors?

<p>Professors in different academic fields valued different types of intelligence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT included in Sternberg's three dimensions of intelligence?

<p>Creativity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is the significance of the Moray House Test No. 12?

<p>It was a means to provide educational opportunities for children from underprivileged backgrounds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT directly related to the concept of savant syndrome?

<p>High IQ scores. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is particularly emphasised by Berg & Sternberg (1992) in their approach to intelligence?

<p>The relevance of intelligence in everyday life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary mental ability according to Thurstone?

<p>Emotional Intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Spearman's theory, what is the relationship between specific intelligences and general intelligence (g)?

<p>Specific intelligences are influenced by g. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Thurstone's primary mental abilities theory?

<p>It proposes a hierarchical structure of cognitive abilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of rotating a component matrix in factor analysis?

<p>To cluster variables based on their loadings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key difference between Spearman's and Thurstone's theory?

<p>Spearman focuses on cognitive abilities, while Thurstone includes emotional intelligence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Carroll's 3-stratum model, what relationship exists between the Stratum I and Stratum III levels?

<p>Stratum I abilities contribute to the broader Stratum III abilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered to be a characteristic of individuals who have high general intelligence (g) according to Carroll's 3-stratum model?

<p>They have strong cognitive abilities across a wide range of domains. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes the presence of several narrower abilities within each stratum level in Carroll's model?

<p>Carroll's 3-stratum model. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major finding that ultimately led to the decline of James McKeen Cattell's 'mental tests'?

<p>A lack of a clear and independent criterion for intelligence made it difficult to assess the validity of the tests. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Binet's approach to intelligence testing can be characterized as pragmatic. What does this mean in the context of his work?

<p>He prioritized the practical application of his tests, aiming to identify students who required special educational support. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Binet-Simon scale differed significantly from Cattell's 'mental tests'. What was a key difference?

<p>The Binet-Simon scale used a normative approach to measure intelligence, while Cattell's tests relied on absolute scores. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who initially coined the term 'Intelligence Quotient' (IQ)?

<p>William Stern (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a core component assessed by the Wechsler intelligence scales (WAIS and WISC)?

<p>Emotional intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The development of IQ testing has seen significant advancements over time. What is a key difference between the Binet-Simon scale and the Wechsler scales?

<p>The Binet-Simon scale relied on a single score to represent intelligence, while the Wechsler scales assess multiple aspects of intelligence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary objective of Robert Yerkes' Alpha and Beta tests?

<p>To assess the intelligence of military recruits during World War I. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Stanford-Binet test is considered a revision of the Binet-Simon scale. What is a significant difference between the two tests?

<p>The Stanford-Binet test incorporates more complex and abstract tasks, while the Binet-Simon scale focuses on simpler tasks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it more accurate to describe intelligence as 'genetics × environment' rather than 'genetics + environment'?

<p>Because genetic and environmental factors interact in complex ways to shape intelligence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key assumption made when using twin studies to assess the heritability of intelligence?

<p>Shared environmental influences are equally similar for monozygotic and dizygotic twins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to twin studies, what happens to the influence of genetic and shared environmental factors on intelligence as individuals age?

<p>Genetic variation increases, and the effects of shared environments decrease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The results from Claire Haworth’s dataset involving twin studies suggest which of the following regarding the causes of differences in intelligence?

<p>Both genes and environments significantly contribute to differences in people's intelligence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn from the difference in heritability estimates of intelligence derived from twin studies versus GWAS studies?

<p>The true heritability of intelligence is likely lower than what twin studies suggest. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an intelligence test has high concurrent validity, what would you expect to observe?

<p>Strong positive correlation with other established measures of intelligence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for an intelligence test to have good predictive validity?

<p>It can accurately forecast an individual's future performance or achievement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does high internal reliability in an intelligence test indicate about the test items?

<p>The items are measuring the same construct. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way might emotional intelligence (EI) be most effectively applied in practical settings?

<p>By using EI as a factor that enhances personal and social understanding and sensitivity, in conjunction with analytical skills. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes wisdom from other forms of intelligence, such as emotional or analytical intelligence?

<p>Wisdom encompasses life skills and good common sense, similar to Sternberg’s practical intelligence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does creativity, as a form of intelligence, commonly manifest itself?

<p>Through the scientific ingenuity and the ability to generate innovative or novel ideas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When evaluating intelligence test results for job recruitment, what considerations should be prioritized to ensure ethical and effective use?

<p>Ensuring the test measures abilities relevant to the job, alongside other qualifications, and guarding against biases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What broader purpose do intelligence tests serve beyond simple ability assessment?

<p>Assessing a range of abilities, relating them to meaningful real-world measures such as job recruitment, brain trauma diagnosis, and predicting various life outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which elementary cognitive task (ECT) primarily assesses the speed at which an individual can differentiate between similar stimuli?

<p>Stimulus discrimination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a smaller standard deviation in reaction time, measured across multiple trials in an Elementary Cognitive Task (ECT), generally indicate?

<p>More consistent and reliable cognitive processing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Elementary Cognitive Tasks (ECTs), what does 'inspection time' specifically measure?

<p>The minimum time needed to accurately perceive and process a stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might researchers use Elementary Cognitive Tasks (ECTs) such as visual search in conjunction with reaction time measurements to understand cognitive abilities?

<p>To dissociate the speed of perceptual processing from decision-making speed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the LEAST likely application of Elementary Cognitive Tasks (ECTs)?

<p>Diagnosing complex psychiatric disorders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Intelligence

A general mental ability to learn, adapt, and simplify complexities.

Latent variable

An underlying concept that cannot be directly measured.

Fluid intelligence

Using language to simplify complex information for better understanding.

Implicit vs. Explicit Intelligence

Implicit intelligence is personal and subjective; explicit is standardized and research-based.

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Sternberg's study

Investigated people's conceptions of intelligence in different settings.

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Western cultures' cognitive emphasis

Focus on fast mental processing and efficient information handling.

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Non-Western cultures' cognitive skills

Valued for strong memory and social, historical, and spiritual interaction abilities.

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Development milestones (6 months)

At 6 months, infants recognize people, show motor coordination, and awareness.

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Development milestones (2 years)

At 2 years, enhances verbal skills, curiosity, and awareness of environment.

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Development milestones (10 years)

At 10 years, shows problem-solving, reasoning, and creativity.

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Sternberg's three dimensions of intelligence

Involves practical problem solving, verbal ability, and social competence.

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Berg & Sternberg (1992) significance

Highlighted relevance and creativity in intelligence within everyday life.

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Savant syndrome

Exceptional ability often coupled with an extraordinary memory.

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Sir Francis Galton

Founder of Differential Psychology and psychometrics, focused on measuring mental abilities.

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James McKeen Cattell

Published a list of 10 mental tests aimed at measuring individual differences.

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Clark Wissler

Critiqued Cattell's tests, emphasizing the need for an independent criterion for intelligence.

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Alfred Binet

Developed an intelligence test for children to identify educational needs, using a pragmatic approach.

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Binet-Simon scale

Test constructed to measure intellectual competence through continuous refinement.

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William Stern

Coined the term intelligence quotient (IQ), which is age-relative.

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Stanford-Binet test

A revised version of the Binet-Simon test, widely used today.

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Wechsler-Bellevue Scale

Introduced in 1939, assessing intelligence across all ages with various sub-tests.

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Spearman's 2 Factor Theory

Theory proposing two types of intelligence: general intelligence (g) and specific intelligences.

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Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities

Theory suggesting intelligence comprises seven independent mental abilities.

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Thurstone's 7 Abilities

List of abilities: verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, reasoning.

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Carroll's 3 Stratum Model

Model of intelligence featuring three levels: general intelligence, numerous broad abilities, and narrower abilities.

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Stratum III

Highest level in Carroll's model, represents general intelligence (g) and broad abilities.

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Stratum II

Middle level in Carroll's model, includes several narrower abilities specific to certain cognitive domains.

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Stratum I

Lowest level in Carroll's model, refers to specific cognitive tasks and abilities.

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Rotated Component Matrix

Statistical tool showing the relationship between variables and underlying factors after rotation.

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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

A test measuring adult intelligence using verbal and performance tasks.

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Flynn Effect

The observed rise in IQ scores across generations due to environmental factors.

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Raven's Progressive Matrices

A non-verbal test assessing abstract reasoning with increasing difficulty.

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Cultural Specificity Bias

The tendency of intelligence tests to favor certain cultural backgrounds.

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Correlation in Intelligence Testing

Statistical relationships used to factor intelligence tests into specific abilities.

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Galton's g Factor

A concept introduced by Galton representing general intelligence in factor analysis.

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Structural Inequalities

Social factors that hinder development and assess intervention effectiveness.

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Intelligence Test Misuse

Improper application of intelligence tests leading to discrimination or bias.

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Crystallized intelligence

Acquired knowledge and skills related to cultural background.

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Psychometric approach

Focus on measuring intelligence through test scores, not explaining differences.

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Cognitive approach

Focuses on biological processes involved in intelligence and memory limits.

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Elementary Cognitive Tasks (ECT)

Measures response time as an indicator of IQ and intelligence.

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Correlation of intelligence and life outcomes

Higher intelligence can predict academic performance and life longevity.

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Brenda Plassman's findings

Identified factors leading to cognitive decline, like genetics and lifestyle.

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Scottish Mental Survey

Study showing higher IQ associated with longer lifespan.

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Intelligence: Nature vs. Nurture Interaction

Intelligence is a product of the interaction between genes and environment, not simply their sum.

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Family Studies

Compares traits of family members to assess genetic influence.

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Adoption Studies

Compares adopted children to both their biological and adoptive parents to assess genetic and environmental influences.

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Twin Studies

Compares traits between identical (MZ) and fraternal (DZ) twins to estimate heritability.

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Heritability of Intelligence

The extent to which differences in intelligence are attributable to genetic factors.

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Face validity

The test appears to measure what it intends to measure based on superficial assessment.

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Concurrent Validity

The test correlates with other measures of the same construct.

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Predictive Validity

The test predicts real-world outcomes or achievements.

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Intelligence Tests

Tests designed to evaluate a wide spectrum of cognitive abilities. Used for selection, diagnosis, and prediction.

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Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

The capacity to perceive, assess, and manage the emotions of oneself and others.

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Wisdom

Practical skills and sound judgment in everyday matters.

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Creativity

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas or solutions.

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Duncker Candle Problem

A problem used to assess creative thinking and problem-solving skills. Participants attempt to attach a candle to a wall using only a box of tacks, candles, and matches.

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Inspection Time

The time required for a person to process visual or auditory information.

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Standard Deviation Reaction Time

A measure of how much a person's response time varies across multiple trials of a task.

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Mean Reaction Time

The average time it takes a person to respond in a series of cognitive tasks.

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Response Time

Measured as the time elapsed between stimulus presentation and the individual's response.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Intelligence

  • Fluid intelligence uses language as a scientific device to simplify complexity.

These are separated into:

  • Implicit:

  • Constructs in a person's mind

  • Used for formulating cross-cultural views about intelligence

  • Can help understand or provide basis for explicit theories

  • Data is derived from asking people their notion of intelligence

  • Drive the way people evaluate their own and other people's intelligence

  • Explicit:

  • Conducted by scientists

  • Based on data collected

  • Performance on tasks presumed to measure intelligence

  • Constructs could be factors, components, or schemata

  • Difficult to agree on operational definition of intelligence

Development of Brain Areas

  • Siegler & Richards (1982) study asked US adults to describe ideal intelligent persons at the ages of 6 months, 2 years, 10 years and as adults.

Ideal Intelligent Person Attributes

  • Ideal attributes for an intelligent person in Arts are:
  • Knowledge
  • Ability to use knowledge
  • Weigh alternatives
  • See analogies
  • Ideal attributes for an intelligent person in Business include:
  • Logical thinking
  • Focusing on essential aspects
  • Following arguments
  • Ideal attributes for an intelligent person in Philosophy include:
  • Critical and logical abilities
  • Following complex arguments
  • Finding errors
  • Generating new arguments
  • Ideal attributes for an intelligent person in Physics include:
  • Precise mathematical thinking
  • Relating phenomena to physics concepts
  • Grasping laws of nature quickly

Theories of Intelligence

  • Spearman's 2 factor theory of intelligence describes the specific intelligences of verbal, mechanical, spatial and math, and the g or general form of intelligence

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