Intelligence Testing
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Questions and Answers

What did Sir Francis Galton believe intelligence was a by-product of?

  • General intelligence
  • Abstract thinking
  • Fluid intelligence
  • Sensory capacity (correct)

    • According to Binet and Simon, what was the Intelligence Test designed to measure?

  • Crystallized intelligence
  • Overall thinking ability (correct)
  • Fluid intelligence
  • Specific abilities

    • Who introduced the concept of Fluid Intelligence as the capacity to learn new problems?

  • Sir Francis Galton
  • Raymond Cattel (correct)
  • Charles Spearman
  • John Horn

    • What was Raymond Cattel's concept of Fluid Intelligence related to?

    <p>Learning new problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the idea of Crystallized Intelligence as accumulated knowledge over time?

    <p>John Horn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which researcher is associated with the Multiple Intelligences theory involving different domains of intellectual skill?

    <p>Sir Francis Galton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Charles Spearman refer to as Specific Abilities (S factors) and General Intelligence (G)?

    <p>Sensory Capacity and Abstract Thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did John Horn's concept of Crystallized Intelligence focus on?

    <p>The accumulated knowledge over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the slower cerebral cortex development in gifted children indicate?

    <p>Their brains are more efficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for Intelligence Quotient (IQ) according to the text?

    <p>IQ = (Mental Age / Chronological Age) * 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Critical Flaw associated with mental age scores in intelligence testing according to the text?

    <p>Mental age scores increase in childhood but level out at 16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor responsible for the Flynn Effect according to the text?

    <p>Increased test sophistication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way are Sibling IQs and Cousins' IQs related according to the text?

    <p>Sibling IQs have a strong correlation at 0.5, while Cousins have a lower correlation at 0.15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used in intelligence testing to describe the extent to which scores are stable in adults when measured multiple times?

    <p>Test-Retest Reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is identified as contributing to the differences in IQ according to ethnic groups?

    <p>Largely or completely environmental in origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the reasons mentioned for lower IQ scores among individuals from bigger families?

    <p><strong>Decreased genetic potential due to family size</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Binet and Simon aim to measure with the Intelligence Test they developed?

    <p>Overall thinking ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is associated with Raymond Cattel in the context of intelligence?

    <p>Fluid Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Sir Francis Galton's initial belief about intelligence?

    <p>A by-product of sensory capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Charles Spearman, what did 'General Intelligence (G)' represent?

    <p>Overall thinking ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did John Horn's concept of Crystallized Intelligence focus on?

    <p>Accumulated knowledge over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which researcher is known for associating brain size with intelligence?

    <p>Sir Francis Galton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Charles Spearman term the specific abilities in intelligence testing?

    <p>'Specific Abilities (S factors)'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Out of sight, out of mind' suggests an association between intelligence and what factor?

    <p>Sensory Capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Fluid Intelligence' relates most closely to which aspect of learning?

    <p>'Learning to adapt'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Eugenics as described in the text?

    <p>Encouraging reproduction of individuals with good genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Intelligence Testing, what is meant by Deviation IQ as explained in the text?

    <p>Comparing individual scores to what is normal for their age group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential reason mentioned in the text for the Flynn Effect?

    <p>Improvements in living conditions and education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is identified as contributing to the differences in IQ according to family size as per the text?

    <p>Number of siblings in the household</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Double Curse of Incompetence refer to in Intelligence Testing?

    <p>People with poor cognitive ability have inflated confidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of Genetic Influences on IQ, which relationship is observed between sibling IQs?

    <p>Sibling IQs are highly correlated irrespective of age difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Flynn Effect suggest about average IQ over time?

    <p>IQ levels have increased by 3 points per decade on average</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are Convergent Thinking and Divergent Thinking related to creativity in the context of intelligence?

    <p>'Convergent Thinking' limits possible solutions, while 'Divergent Thinking' generates multiple solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental factor from the options has a negative correlation with IQ according to the text?

    <p>Later born children tend to have slightly lower IQ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Test-Retest Reliability measure in intelligence testing according to the text?

    <p>Consistency of scores when a test is administered multiple times on the same individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which developmental phase are children receptive and can benefit from instruction?

    <p>Zone Of Proximal Development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does stranger anxiety typically peak according to the text?

    <p>12-15 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which researcher conducted experiments using infant monkeys to study attachment and contact comfort?

    <p>Harry Harlow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Ainsworth's attachment theory, which category represents inconsistent and confused reactions to a caregiver's departure and return?

    <p>Disorganized Attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which developmental stage involves periods between 18-25 where emotional development, identity, and personality solidify?

    <p>Emerging Adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kohlberg, which moral development stage focuses on societal values?

    <p>Conventional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge of adolescence according to Erikson's model?

    <p>Developing an Identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Imprinting' in social development is most closely associated with which behavior?

    <p>Following large moving objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential pitfall associated with using a cross-sectional design in developmental psychology?

    <p>Cohort effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the nature-nurture debate, what does the concept of gene-environment interaction refer to?

    <p>How genes and the environment influence each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge faced by longitudinal designs in developmental psychology?

    <p>Attrition effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fallacy involves falsely assuming that just because one event precedes another, it caused the subsequent event?

    <p>Post Hoc Fallacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the nature-nurture debate considered not an 'either-or' issue?

    <p>Both factors independently shape development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant disadvantage associated with using a cross-sectional design in research?

    <p>Cohort effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of developmental psychology, what does 'attrition' refer to?

    <p>'Dropping out' of the study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key challenge faced by researchers using longitudinal designs in developmental psychology?

    <p>'Cohort effects'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Gene-Environment Interaction' emphasizes that the effect of genes depends on what?

    <p>'The environment'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of design in research examines people at different ages at a single point in time?

    <p>Cross-Sectional Design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage of cognitive development?

    <p>Understand that objects exist even when out of view and can perform deferred imitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Primary Sex Characteristics from Secondary Sex Characteristics?

    <p>Related directly to reproduction vs. not directly related to reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Vygotsky's theory differ from Piaget's with regard to cognitive development?

    <p>Focused on biological maturation vs. social and cultural influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the Concrete Operations Stage in cognitive development?

    <p>Performing mental operations only for actual physical events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Estrogens from Androgens in terms of production?

    <p>Responsible for female secondary sex characteristics vs. male secondary sex characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of Menarche?

    <p>'Onset of menstruation'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Piaget's theory, what concept involves altering a belief to be more compatible with experience?

    <p>'Accommodation'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Deferred Imitation' and 'Object Permanence' are milestones associated with which stage of cognitive development?

    <p>'Sensorimotor Stage'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Stage-like Vs Gradual changes in understanding' is a point of difference in cognitive development theories related to which theorist?

    <p>'Jean Piaget'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Intelligence Testing

    • Intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure (Boring's definition)
    • Intelligence as Sensory Capacity: Out of sight, out of mind (Sir Francis Galton, 1884)
    • Intelligence as Abstract Thinking: Capacity to understand hypothetical concepts and acquire knowledge (Binet and Simon)
    • Intelligence as General Versus Specific Abilities:
      • Charles Spearman: General Intelligence (G) and Specific Abilities (S factors)
      • Raymond Cattel: Fluid Intelligence (capacity to learn new problems)
      • John Horn: Crystallized Intelligence (accumulated knowledge over time)
      • Multiple Intelligences: different domains of intellectual skill

    Biological Bases of Intelligence

    • Brain size is weakly correlated with intelligence
    • Cerebral cortex development is slower in gifted children
    • Evidence that those with higher intelligence exhibit less brain activity while performing cognitive tasks
    • Intelligence is negatively correlated with reaction time, and is involved with working and short-term memory
    • Intelligence is located throughout the brain, but the prefrontal cortex is especially implicated
    • Intelligence is related to the efficiency or speed of information processing

    Intelligence Testing

    • Metacognitive Skills: Ability to estimate our own cognition
    • Double Curse of Incompetence: People with poor cognitive ability tend to overestimate their own ability
    • Stanford-Binet IQ Test: Still in use today, originally made for kids and expanded to test adults
    • Intelligence Quotient (IQ) = (Mental Age / Chronological Age) * 100
    • Mental Age: Age corresponding to the average person's performance on an intelligence test
    • Critical Flaw: Mental age scores increase in childhood but level out at 16
    • Deviation IQ: Each person's score is compared to what is normal for their age group
    • Eugenics (Good Genes): encouraged people with good genes to reproduce while people with bad genes not to
    • Culture Fair IQ Tests: Tests that attempt to eliminate biases for people who speak a language that is different from what is used on the test

    Reliability

    • Scores are stable in adults
    • Prior to age three IQ tests are very unstable and poor predictors of adult IQ
    • Test-Retest Reliability: extent to which scores on a measure administered several times are roughly identical

    Validity

    • Is the test able to forecast future outcomes
    • IQ Scores are good at predicating academic success
    • Mental Energy: the ability to focus on difficult problems for long periods of time
    • Correlation of IQ and Job performance in mentally demanding jobs

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    Description

    This quiz covers different definitions of intelligence, such as Boring's definition and Galton's perspective on intelligence as a by-product of sensory capacity. It also discusses intelligence as abstract thinking through the development of the Intelligence Test by Binet and Simon.

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