Lesson 2 - General Concepts and STS Historical Developments

Study Notes

Intellectual revolutions transform thoughts, beliefs, and social institutions through new ideas and principles.
The Scientific Revolution positioned science and technology as pivotal in reshaping intellectual thought.

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543)
- Polish astronomer proposing the heliocentric model, placing the sun at the universe's center.
- Challenged the geocentric model which positioned Earth as the center of the universe.
- Laid groundwork for future astronomers like Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo Galilei.
- His ideas led to broader acceptance of astronomy over astrology within society.
Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)
- English scientist recognized as the founder of evolutionary biology.
- Authored "Origin of Species" and "Descent of Man," introducing the concept of natural selection.
- Argued humans evolved from earlier organisms, challenging creationist views.
- Emphasized the equality of humans with other life forms.
Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939)
- Austrian neurologist noted for pioneering psychoanalysis to understand the human mind.
- Disputed Enlightenment views that emphasized rationality and emotional control.
- Many modern scientists regard Freud's theories as pseudoscience due to lack of empirical evidence.

Maya Civilization
- Advanced in astronomy, engineering, and developed their writing system.
Inca Civilization
- Known for creating extensive paved roads and irrigation systems.
Aztec Civilization
- Implemented mandatory education for children and innovative farming techniques.

Indian Civilization
- Notable for advancements in steel production and Ayurveda (traditional medicine).
Indonesians
- Constructed Candis, significant religious structures influenced by Buddhist and Hindu traditions.
Japanese
- Developed Kampo medicine, rooted in earlier Chinese practices.

Ibn al-Haytham
- Known as the 'Father of Optics' for studies on light.
Jabir ibn Hayyan
- Early contributions to alchemy and metallurgy.
Ibn Sina
- Significant works in medicine, particularly relating to infectious diseases.
Egyptian Civilization
- Landmark achievements in metallurgy and knowledge dissemination through Alexandria.

Redefined social, economic, and political roles of information.
Enabled major advancements in modern science impacting every societal layer.
Facilitated government transparency and online connectivity.
Telecommuting emerged due to the revolution, reducing barriers between employees and employers.
Initiated by the development of language, writing, and printing, establishing documentation and distribution of knowledge.
Innovations in computers and communication technologies enhanced information storage, processing, and sharing.

Includes the Copernican, Darwinian, Freudian, and Information Revolutions, each significantly shaping human understanding and society.

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