Chapter 5 Quiz
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Chapter 5 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What role do mast cells play in the repair of the integument following an injury?

  • They produce granulation tissue.
  • They migrate to the wound edges.
  • They trigger the inflammatory response. (correct)
  • They clean the area by phagocytosis.

    • What is the primary purpose of the scab that forms after an injury?

  • To stabilize and protect the injured area. (correct)
  • To facilitate the migration of fibroblasts.
  • To introduce new blood vessels.
  • To remove debris and pathogens.

    • During which phase of wound healing do phagocytic cells begin to remove debris?

  • Migration phase (correct)
  • Inflammation phase
  • Proliferation phase
  • Maturation phase

    • Which type of cell is primarily responsible for the formation of granulation tissue?

    <p>Fibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs immediately after an injury to initiate the healing process?

    <p>Bleeding and inflammation occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the migration phase of wound healing?

    <p>Scab formation and epithelial cell migration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT a component of the nail anatomy?

    <p>Fibroblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a function of macrophages during the wound healing process?

    <p>Producing collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of corpuscles are responsible for sensing light touch in the skin?

    <p>Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of cutting the skin along a tension line?

    <p>The cut remains shut and heals well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do nerve fibers in the skin primarily serve?

    <p>To control blood flow and gland secretion rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plexus is found in the reticular layer of the dermis?

    <p>Cutaneous plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily caused by damage to blood vessels in the dermis?

    <p>Contusion (bruise)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of wound healing is characterized by the formation of granulation tissue?

    <p>Proliferative phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors respond to deep pressure and vibrations in the skin?

    <p>Pacinian (lamellar) corpuscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does cutting the skin at a right angle to tension lines have?

    <p>It pulls open and results in scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the proliferation phase of wound healing?

    <p>Dissolution of the fibrin clot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about scarring phase is accurate?

    <p>Fibroblasts continue to produce scar tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to phagocytic activity during the proliferation phase?

    <p>Almost ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following changes occurs due to aging in the integumentary system?

    <p>Decline in Vitamin D3 production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of noncellular scar tissue produced during healing?

    <p>It often leads to keloid formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT a part of the inflammatory response during wound healing?

    <p>Migration of fibroblasts to the site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the proliferation phase, which cell type is primarily responsible for producing collagen?

    <p>Fibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to hair follicles as the integumentary system ages?

    <p>Their function declines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the epidermis in the integumentary system?

    <p>Protection against environmental hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the subcutaneous layer?

    <p>It connects the skin to underlying tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do melanocytes respond to increased ultraviolet (UV) light exposure?

    <p>They produce more melanin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of the integumentary system is responsible for the production of hair?

    <p>Hair follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glands in the skin do NOT secrete into hair follicles?

    <p>Eccrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant effect of aging on the integumentary system?

    <p>Reduction in hair follicle density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the integumentary system primarily provides insulation?

    <p>Subcutaneous layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature is characteristic of the dermis?

    <p>Dense irregular connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelial tissue is the epidermis composed of?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic differentiates thick skin from thin skin?

    <p>Thin skin has fewer layers of keratinocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of keratinocytes in the epidermis?

    <p>To create a waterproof barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do nutrients and oxygen reach the epidermis?

    <p>From capillaries in the dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the epidermis is correct?

    <p>The epidermis is avascular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of the dermal papillae?

    <p>They help anchor the epidermis to the dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average thickness of thin skin?

    <p>0.08 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of skin covers the palms and soles?

    <p>Thick skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stratum is characterized as the deepest layer that contains stem cells and melanocytes?

    <p>Stratum basale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs as keratinocytes transition from the stratum granulosum to the stratum corneum?

    <p>Thickening of plasma membranes and cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature differentiates thick skin from thin skin in terms of its structure?

    <p>Number of epidermal layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the stratum lucidum from other layers in the epidermis?

    <p>It appears as a glassy layer only in thick skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component that keratinocytes produce as they move through the epidermal layers?

    <p>Keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of the stratum corneum contributes to its function in the skin?

    <p>It contains multiple layers of dead cells that interlock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the water resistance of the stratum corneum?

    <p>It is partially waterproof but allows some moisture transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which layer of the epidermis are desmosomes primarily responsible for cell cohesion?

    <p>Stratum spinosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate thickness of thin skin compared to a common item?

    <p>Thickness of a plastic sandwich bag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by significant keratin production and cell flattening?

    <p>Stratum granulosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the hair follicle during the transition to a club hair?

    <p>It becomes inactive, stopping hair growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic defines terminal hairs compared to vellus hairs?

    <p>Terminal hairs are heavily pigmented and coarse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?

    <p>To discharge sebum that lubricates and protects the hair shaft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sebaceous gland is specifically associated with hair follicles?

    <p>Simple branched alveolar glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is hair color determined in the human body?

    <p>Produced by melanocytes at the hair matrix, influenced by genetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes apocrine sweat glands from eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>Apocrine glands secrete a thicker fluid and are associated with hair follicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area on the body would be least likely to contain sebaceous follicles?

    <p>Palms of hands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct role of lipids secreted by sebaceous glands?

    <p>To lubricate the hair shaft and inhibit bacterial growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tension lines affect the healing of cuts made on the skin?

    <p>Cuts made parallel to tension lines remain closed and heal well.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the cutaneous plexus in the dermis?

    <p>To supply blood to the deeper layers of the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensory receptor is primarily associated with monitoring deep pressure in the skin?

    <p>Pacinian corpuscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a contusion in the dermis?

    <p>It results from damage to blood vessels in the dermis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the dermis contains the subpapillary plexus?

    <p>Papillary layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary functions do nerve fibers in the skin serve?

    <p>They help regulate blood flow and gland secretion rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which layer are tactile (Meissner) corpuscles primarily located?

    <p>Papillary layer of the dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between tension lines and scarring?

    <p>Cuts perpendicular to tension lines are more likely to scar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the integumentary system is located beneath the dermis and is primarily composed of loose connective tissue?

    <p>Subcutaneous layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensory receptor is primarily responsible for detecting light touch in the skin?

    <p>Tactile corpuscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an accessory structure of the integumentary system?

    <p>Epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the integumentary system consists of two layers, the papillary and reticular layers?

    <p>Dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood vessels are primarily found in the subpapillary plexus of the integumentary system?

    <p>Capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do nerve fibers play in the integumentary system?

    <p>Sense pain and temperature changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following layers contains fat tissue that provides insulation and cushioning?

    <p>Subcutaneous layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the integumentary system is responsible for the production of sebum?

    <p>Sebaceous gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the function of melanocytes in the stratum basale?

    <p>They contain the pigment melanin, contributing to skin color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum?

    <p>They appear spiny due to the presence of desmosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of keratohyalin in the stratum granulosum?

    <p>To promote cellular dehydration and cross-linking of keratin fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the stratum basale considered crucial for the epidermis?

    <p>It is the layer where stem cells regenerate keratinocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the dendritic cells found in the stratum spinosum?

    <p>They are involved in the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the epidermis contains cells that primarily produce keratin?

    <p>Stratum granulosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do the epidermal ridges in the stratum basale serve?

    <p>They enhance the dermal connection with the dermis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the keratinocytes transition as they move from the stratum granulosum to the stratum corneum?

    <p>They undergo apoptosis and lose their organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the role of the subcutaneous layer?

    <p>It stabilizes the position of the skin and stores adipose tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pigment produced by melanocytes that protects the skin from UV radiation?

    <p>Melanin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of skin color is influenced by the consumption of orange vegetables?

    <p>Carotene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the distribution of subcutaneous fat vary between individuals?

    <p>It is determined by sex hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of carotene in the skin?

    <p>To maintain epithelial health and provide vision support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the storage of melanin is accurate?

    <p>Melanin is stored in keratinocytes in vesicles called melanosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the vascularization of the subcutaneous layer?

    <p>It has large arteries and veins in its superficial region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a high UV exposure have on melanin production?

    <p>It increases the production of melanin to protect against DNA damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the hair follicle immediately surrounds the hair root?

    <p>Internal root sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the glassy membrane in the hair follicle?

    <p>Separating follicle from surrounding tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the cells of the internal root sheath as they progress through their lifecycle?

    <p>They disintegrate quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the hair follicle is responsible for providing the hair with its pigment?

    <p>Cortex of hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure of the hair follicle is located at the junction of the hair root and hair shaft?

    <p>Hair papilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the external root sheath?

    <p>It is continuous from skin surface to the hair matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily composed of hard keratin within the hair follicle?

    <p>Hair shaft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the subcutaneous adipose tissue play in relation to the hair follicle?

    <p>It insulates and protects the follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the scarring phase of wound healing?

    <p>Fibroblasts produce noncellular scar tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the effects of aging on the integumentary system?

    <p>Epidermis thins and glands show reduced activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event occurs approximately a week after injury during the proliferation phase?

    <p>Epidermal cells migrate over the collagen fiber meshwork.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential result of fibroblast activity during the healing process?

    <p>Formation of raised keloid scars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the proliferation phase is incorrect?

    <p>The number of capillaries remains unchanged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the repair of the integument following an injury, what happens to the fibrin clot?

    <p>It dissolves as healing progresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a true effect of aging on the skin?

    <p>Repair rate of the integument slows down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the epidermis during the scarring phase after an injury?

    <p>It completes the healing process and becomes complete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Integument Repair

    • Mast cells trigger an inflammatory response at the site of injury.
    • A scab forms, stabilizing and protecting the injured area.
    • Macrophages clean the wound debris.
    • Fibroblasts and endothelial cells create granulation tissue.
    • The clot begins to dissolve, capillaries decrease, and non-cellular scar tissue forms.
    • A raised keloid may form.

    Integument Aging

    • The epidermis thins with age.
    • Number of dendritic cells decreases, impacting immune function.
    • Vitamin D3 production declines, affecting calcium absorption.
    • Melanocyte and glandular activities decline, leading to reduced pigmentation and sweat production.
    • Blood supply to the dermis is reduced, impacting nutrient delivery and waste removal.
    • Hair follicle function declines, leading to thinner and slower hair growth.
    • The dermis thins and the elastic fiber network shrinks, resulting in skin wrinkling and sagging.

    Dermis

    • Tension lines are produced by collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis, resisting forces applied to the skin. Cuts made parallel to tension lines heal better.
    • Dermal blood supply includes a cutaneous plexus (deep network) and a subpapillary plexus (superficial network). Contusions (bruises) are caused by damage to blood vessels in the dermis.
    • Innervation of skin consists of nerve fibers that control blood flow, regulate gland secretion, and monitor sensory receptors.
    • Sensory receptors in the skin include tactile (Meissner) corpuscles (light touch) and lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles (deep pressure and vibration).

    Integumentary System

    • Largest organ system of the body
    • Makes up 16% of body weight
    • Covers 1.5-2 m2 of surface area
    • Consists of the cutaneous membrane and accessory structures

    Cutaneous Membrane

    • Also known as skin
    • Consists of an outer epidermis and an inner dermis

    Accessory Structures

    • Originate in the dermis and extend outward through the epidermis
    • Includes hair and hair follicles, exocrine glands, and nails

    Epidermis

    • Composed of stratified squamous epithelium
    • Avascular
    • Receives nutrients and oxygen from capillaries in the underlying dermis
    • Has four layers of keratinocytes in thin skin
    • Has five layers of keratinocytes in thick skin which covers the palms and soles

    Cells of the Epidermis

    • Keratinocytes are the most abundant epithelial cells in the body
    • Contain large amounts of keratin

    Layers of Keratinocytes (Thick Skin)

    • Stratum Basale: Deepest, basal layer, attached to the basement membrane
    • Stratum Spinosum: Keratinocytes bound together by desmosomes
    • Stratum Granulosum: Cells produce keratin fibers as they become thinner and flatter
    • Stratum Lucidum: Glassy layer found only in thick skin
    • Stratum Corneum: Multiple layers of flattened, dead, interlocking keratinocytes

    Dermis

    • Contains two layers: papillary layer and reticular layer
    • Connective tissue layer that supports the epidermis
    • Houses blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles
    • Provides the skin with its strength and elasticity
    • The presence of collagen and elastic fibers forms tension lines (cleavage lines)
    • Tension lines indicate the direction of collagen and elastic fibers

    Dermal Blood Supply

    • Contains two plexuses: cutaneous plexus (deep network of arteries) and subpapillary plexus (smaller network of arteries)
    • Contusion (bruise): Caused by damage to blood vessels in the dermis

    Innervation of Skin

    • Contains sensory receptors that respond to stimuli
    • Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles: Responsible for light touch, located in dermal papillae
    • Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles: Responsible for deep pressure and vibration, located in the reticular layer

    Hair

    • Hair growth cycle: Hair is grown and shed through a cycle of activation and deactivation
    • Vellus hairs: Soft, fine hairs covering most of the body surface
    • Terminal hairs: Heavy, pigmented hairs found on the head, eyebrows, eyelashes, and other areas
    • Hair color: Determined by melanocytes at hair matrix

    Sebaceous and Sweat Glands

    • Sebaceous glands (oil glands): Holocrine glands that secrete an oily substance called sebum
    • Sweat glands: Exocrine glands classified as either apocrine or eccrine

    Types of Sebaceous Glands

    • Simple branched alveolar glands: Associated with hair follicles
    • Sebaceous follicles: Large sebaceous glands not associated with hair, secrete sebum directly onto the skin surface

    Types of Sweat Glands

    • Apocrine sweat glands: Secrete a thicker, milky sweat, are found in the axillae, groin, and around the nipples, and become active at puberty.
    • Eccrine sweat glands: Secrete a watery, salty sweat onto the skin surface, for thermoregulation.

    Nails

    • Formed in the nail matrix
    • Protect the tips of the fingers and toes
    • Made of keratinized cells
    • The nail body grows over the nail bed, the nail root rests in the nail matrix.

    Repairing Skin Injuries

    • Cuts and scrapes are repaired by the process of wound healing
    • The process of wound healing involves inflammation, re-epithelialization, and remodeling

    Aging of the Skin

    • Epidermis thins as cells divide more slowly
    • Dermis thins because collagen fibers decrease
    • Fat deposits in subcutaneous layer decrease
    • Activity of sebaceous and sweat glands decline, making skin drier and prone to injury
    • Melanocyte activity declines, causing loss of pigment leading to uneven pigmentation

    Integumentary System

    • Contains blood vessels and sensory receptors
    • Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis):
      • Connected to the reticular layer of the dermis by connective tissue
      • Composed primarily of adipose tissue, which stabilizes the skin's position
      • Houses the subcutaneous plexus, containing large arteries and veins
      • Serves as the site for subcutaneous injections
      • The distribution of subcutaneous fat is determined by sex hormones

    Epidermis

    • Stratum basale (stratum germinativum):
      • Attached to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes, forming a strong bond with the dermis
      • Contains epidermal ridges which interlock with the dermal papillae
      • Contains basal cells, also known as germinative cells, which are stem cells that replace superficial keratinocytes
    • Specialized structures of stratum basale:
      • Tactile discs: contain tactile (Merkel) cells with sensory nerve endings, found in hairless skin, and respond to touch
      • Melanocytes: produce melanin, which is stored in intracellular vesicles called melanosomes and transferred to keratinocytes
    • Stratum spinosum:
      • Composed of eight to ten layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes
      • Cells appear spiny in histological sections
      • Some cells continue dividing, while others are produced from the stratum basale
      • Contains dendritic (Langerhans) cells, which are important for immune response
    • Stratum granulosum:
      • Consists of three to five layers of keratinocytes
      • Cells stop dividing and produce keratin and keratohyalin, which forms dense granules
      • These granules promote cellular dehydration and cross-linking of keratin fibers
      • Cells die after the production of proteins

    Skin Color

    • Influenced by two pigments: melanin and carotene
    • Melanin:
      • Red-yellow or brown-black pigment
      • Melanin production is higher in dark-skinned people
      • Protects skin from ultraviolet (UV) radiation
      • Small amounts of UV radiation are beneficial, but excessive exposure can damage DNA and lead to cancer
    • Carotene:
      • Orange-yellow pigment found in orange vegetables
      • Accumulates in epidermal cells, deep dermis, and subcutaneous layer
      • Can be converted to vitamin A, which is important for maintaining epithelia and synthesizing photoreceptor pigments in the eye

    Hair Follicles

    • The internal root sheath surrounds the hair root and the deeper portion of the shaft.
    • The cells of this sheath disintegrate quickly and don't extend the entire length of the hair follicle.
    • The external root sheath extends from the skin surface to the hair matrix.
    • The glassy membrane is a thickened layer wrapped in the dense connective tissue sheath of the follicle.

    Repair of the Integument

    • During the repair of an injury:
      • The clot begins to dissolve
      • The number of capillaries decreases
      • Noncellular scar tissue is produced, which may result in a raised keloid

    Aging and the Integumentary System

    • Aging has effects on the skin:
      • Epidermis thins
      • Number of dendritic cells decreases
      • Vitamin D3 production declines
      • Melanocyte and glandular activities decrease
      • Blood supply to the dermis is reduced
      • Function of hair follicles declines
      • Dermis thins and the elastic fiber network shrinks
      • Sex-specific hair and body fat distribution fades
      • Repair rate slows

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    Description

    This quiz explores the processes involved in integument repair and the effects of aging on the skin. It covers aspects such as the inflammatory response, wound healing, and changes in skin structure and function as we age. Test your understanding of key concepts related to skin health and repair mechanisms.q

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