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Questions and Answers
Which of these is not a primary function of hair?
Which of these is not a primary function of hair?
Where does hair originate from?
Where does hair originate from?
Which component of the nail indicates nail growth?
Which component of the nail indicates nail growth?
What is the primary function of eccrine glands?
What is the primary function of eccrine glands?
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Which type of gland is typically associated with hair follicles and becomes more active during puberty?
Which type of gland is typically associated with hair follicles and becomes more active during puberty?
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Which term refers to the temperature of the inner parts of the body?
Which term refers to the temperature of the inner parts of the body?
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What is the primary source of heat production in the body?
What is the primary source of heat production in the body?
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Which of the following is NOT a way the body loses heat?
Which of the following is NOT a way the body loses heat?
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Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the integumentary system?
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the integumentary system?
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What specific layer of the epidermis is responsible for continuous cell division and movement towards the skin's surface?
What specific layer of the epidermis is responsible for continuous cell division and movement towards the skin's surface?
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Which component makes the skin cells hard and water-resistant?
Which component makes the skin cells hard and water-resistant?
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What is the outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of dead, flattened cells?
What is the outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of dead, flattened cells?
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Which of these is NOT a main structural layer of the skin?
Which of these is NOT a main structural layer of the skin?
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Besides structural roles, which function does subcutaneous layer play in the body?
Besides structural roles, which function does subcutaneous layer play in the body?
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Which of the following terms refers to the process by which cells in epidermis become hard, flat and water-resistant?
Which of the following terms refers to the process by which cells in epidermis become hard, flat and water-resistant?
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Which layer of the skin directly supports the epidermis?
Which layer of the skin directly supports the epidermis?
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Which of the accessory structures of the skin is NOT mentioned in the text?
Which of the accessory structures of the skin is NOT mentioned in the text?
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The subcutaneous layer is primarily responsible for which two main functions?
The subcutaneous layer is primarily responsible for which two main functions?
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Which of the following drug delivery methods involves an injection between the layers of the skin?
Which of the following drug delivery methods involves an injection between the layers of the skin?
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Melanin is produced by which cells, located in which layer of the skin?
Melanin is produced by which cells, located in which layer of the skin?
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Which of the following is an example of a physiological change that affects skin color?
Which of the following is an example of a physiological change that affects skin color?
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What is the primary cause of cyanosis?
What is the primary cause of cyanosis?
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Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating body temperature?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating body temperature?
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A black and blue bruise is also known as:
A black and blue bruise is also known as:
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What physiological response helps the body conserve heat when it is cold?
What physiological response helps the body conserve heat when it is cold?
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Which pigment is typically overshadowed by melanin in most people?
Which pigment is typically overshadowed by melanin in most people?
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Which characteristic of newborns makes them more susceptible to heat loss?
Which characteristic of newborns makes them more susceptible to heat loss?
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What is the primary mechanism newborns use for heat production, given their limited ability to shiver?
What is the primary mechanism newborns use for heat production, given their limited ability to shiver?
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What term defines a normal body temperature?
What term defines a normal body temperature?
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Which type of burn involves damage to the epidermis only?
Which type of burn involves damage to the epidermis only?
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Why is eschar in burn victims a cause for concern?
Why is eschar in burn victims a cause for concern?
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What is the most important recommendation to reduce skin damage due to UV radiation?
What is the most important recommendation to reduce skin damage due to UV radiation?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System and Body Temperature
- The integumentary system has seven main functions: serves as a mechanical barrier, protecting internal structures, participating in the immune response, acting as a gland for vitamin D synthesis, performing excretory functions, performing sensory roles and helps regulate body temperature.
Skin Structure
- The skin consists of three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer (hypodermis).
- The epidermis is the outermost layer, comprised of the stratum germinativum (deeper layer) and stratum corneum (surface layer).
- The dermis lies beneath the epidermis and supports it. It contains blood vessels that nourish the epidermis and holds accessory structures.
- The subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) is the deepest layer composed of fat and connective tissues. It insulates the body and anchors the skin to underlying structures.
Skin Color
- Skin color depends on genes, physiology and sometimes by pathology.
- Melanin is a dark pigment secreted by melanocytes within the epidermis. Melanin malfunctions can lead to conditions such as albinism, vitiligo, and moles.
- Carotene is a yellow pigment, and its color often is overshadowed by melanin within the skin of most people.
- Physiological changes such as blood vessel dilation (Blushing) or vessel constriction (Pallor) influence skin color.
- Other pathological changes can also cause visible changes, such as cyanosis (bluish tint due to poor oxygenation), jaundice (yellowing due to bilirubin deposition), and bronzing (due to melanin overproduction). Ecchymosis causes black and blue bruising.
Accessory Structures of the Skin
- Hair detection insects, eye protection, lung dust protection, and impacts the growth and color of hair.
- Nails protect tips of fingers and toes and demonstrate nail growth.
- Glands: Sebaceous glands produce oil (sebum), and sudoriferous (sweat) glands regulate temperature.
Sudoriferous Glands
- Apocrine glands are found in hair follicles and are active primarily during puberty.
- Eccrine glands help with temperature regulation.
- Specialized forms of sweat glands include mammary glands (producing milk) and ceruminous glands (producing ear wax (cerumen)).
Body Temperature
- Core temperature relates to the inner body temperature.
- Shell temperature relates to the surface area of the body.
- Thermoregulation is the process of balancing heat production and heat loss.
Heat Production
- Metabolism is the basis of temperature production.
- Blood distributes heat within the body.
- Heat is produced mainly by muscles, liver and endocrine glands.
- Food consumption, hormones, diseases, and physical activity influence heat production.
Heat Loss
- 80% of heat is lost through skin, followed by lungs and excretory products at 20%.
- Methods of heat loss include: radiation, conduction, and convection, and evaporation.
Temperature Regulation
- The hypothalamus controls temperature regulation.
- Dilation of blood vessels, sweating, and shivering, blood vessel constriction and less sweating controls body temperature depending on need.
Newborns and Body Temperature
- Newborns lose more heat than they produce, due to large surface areas, thin layers of fatty insulation, and limited ability to generate heat.
- They rely more on nonshivering thermogenesis (brown adipose tissue-BAT) to produce body heat.
Thermostat (Temperature Concepts)
- Normothermia: normal body temperature
- Pyrexia: elevated body temperature
- Hyperthermia: abnormally elevated body temperature
- Hypothermia: abnormally low body temperature
Burns
- Burns are classified by depth, with partial-thickness burns being first- or second-degree, and full thickness burns being third-degree.
- Burns can be classified by extent using the "rule of nines."
- Eschar (dead tissue) acts as a tourniquet, breeds bacteria, and secrete toxins.
Skin Care
- All ages should reduce exposure to UV radiation to prevent irreversible skin damage.
- Skin care is especially important for older adults.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the integumentary system with this quiz. Answer questions about hair, nails, glands, and skin layers to determine your understanding of this vital body system. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology.
