Human Integumentary System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What color range does eumelanin represent?

  • Yellow-orange
  • Pink to red
  • Brown to black (correct)
  • White to gray

What does melanin primarily protect against?

  • Ultraviolet radiation from the sun (correct)
  • Bacterial infections
  • Injury from sharp objects
  • Thermal injury

Which pigment gives carrots and egg yolks their yellow-orange color?

  • Hemoglobin
  • Melanin
  • Carotene (correct)
  • Tyrosine

What physiological change causes the skin to redden?

<p>Blood vessels dilating (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which accessory structure protects the eyes from foreign particles?

<p>Eyebrows and eyelashes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main part of the hair shaft called?

<p>Cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is melanoma primarily synthesized?

<p>In the melanosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the role of hair on the head?

<p>Protects from injury and sun's rays (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outermost layer of the epidermis called?

<p>Stratum corneum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the dermis is responsible for providing sensitivity to touch?

<p>Papillary region (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue primarily makes up the dermis?

<p>Dense irregular connective tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pigment is primarily responsible for the yellow to red color in human skin?

<p>Carotene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure increases the grip of the hand or foot?

<p>Epidermal ridges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of thermoregulation?

<p>To regulate body temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What important function do large collagen fibers in the reticular region of the dermis serve?

<p>Resist stretching (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the skin is primarily responsible for protection against microbes and chemicals?

<p>Keratin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the small, nipple-shaped structures in the papillary region called?

<p>Dermal papillae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lipids released by lamellar granules?

<p>To inhibit water evaporation from the skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is NOT found in the dermis?

<p>Melanocyte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sensation does not fall under cutaneous sensations?

<p>Cough reflex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lipid-soluble substances that the skin can absorb?

<p>Vitamins A, D, E, K, and gases O2 and CO2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of wound healing occurs when only the epidermis is affected?

<p>Epidermal wound healing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?

<p>Regulating blood sugar levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the effects of calcitriol produced with the help of vitamin D?

<p>Aids calcium absorption from the GI tract (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of the integumentary system?

<p>Skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails, and sensory receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin is composed of areolar and adipose tissue?

<p>Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of keratinocytes in the skin?

<p>Provide a water repellent sealant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is responsible for detecting touch sensations?

<p>Tactile epithelial cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the integumentary system?

<p>Storage of energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of muscle is the arrector pili?

<p>Smooth muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of skin cells are keratinocytes?

<p>90% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pigment is produced by melanocytes?

<p>Melanin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does the hair follicle shrink and hair stops growing?

<p>Regression stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily determines the color of dark-colored hair?

<p>Eumelanin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dermis is primarily composed of which type of tissue?

<p>Connective tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hair is described as very fine and nonpigmented, covering the fetus's body?

<p>Lanugo hair (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first phase of deep wound healing?

<p>Inflammatory phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of nails?

<p>They protect the distal end of the digits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do epithelial cells begin to migrate beneath the scab?

<p>Migratory phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when fibroblasts synthesize scar tissue during the migratory phase?

<p>Granulation tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hair root plexus?

<p>To sense touch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the occurrence of gray hair?

<p>Few melanin granules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the maturation phase of wound healing?

<p>Scab sloughs off (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of scar remains within the boundaries of the original wound?

<p>Hypertrophic scar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scar tissue differs from normal skin in that it has

<p>Dense collagen fibers (B), Fewer blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the proliferative phase of wound healing?

<p>Epithelial cells grow extensively (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vasodilation during the inflammatory phase enhances which process?

<p>Delivery of helpful cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Integumentary System Components

The skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails, and sensory receptors make up the integumentary system.

Skin Function: Temperature Regulation

The skin helps maintain a stable body temperature.

Skin Function: Protection

The skin defends the body from harm, pathogens, and environmental factors.

Skin Function: Sensory Information

The skin provides input to the nervous system about the environment, like touch, pressure, and heat.

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Epidermis Composition

The outer layer of skin, made of epithelial tissue, and it is the most superficial and thinner part of the skin.

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Keratinocyte Function

Keratinocytes are the most common epidermal cell that produce keratin, a tough protein.

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Melanocyte Function

Melanocytes produce melanin, a pigment that protects against UV radiation.

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Skin Layers (Epidermis)

Describes the layers within the skin that form the superficial part of the skin and are composed of epithelial cells.

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Thick Skin

Skin with five layers; stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum, found on high-exposure areas like palms and soles.

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Dermis (skin layer)

The second skin layer, composed of connective tissue with collagen, elastic fibers, and embedded structures like blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.

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Papillary Region (dermis)

The upper part of the dermis with projections (papillae) that increase surface area and connect to epidermis. Contains touch receptors.

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Reticular Region (dermis)

The lower part of the dermis, connected to the subcutaneous layer, gives skin strength and flexibility, and contains many glands and blood vessels.

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Epidermal Ridges

Lines or patterns on the skin that enhance grip and tactile sensitivity by increasing surface area and the number of touch receptors.

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Melanin

A pigment that affects skin color. Two forms: pheomelanin (yellow/red) and eumelanin (brown/black).

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Skin Color Pigments

Skin color comes from three sources: Melanin, Hemoglobin, and Carotene.

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Subcutaneous Layer

The layer below the dermis; this is where the Reticular region of the dermis connects; it contains fat and connective tissue that helps insulate the skin and protect underlying structures.

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Melanocytes

Cells that produce melanin.

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Skin Color (Hemoglobin)

Skin color can change from pink to red due to blood oxygen content.

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Carotene

Yellow-orange pigment from carrots and egg yolks, precursor to vitamin A.

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Hair Follicle

Structure surrounding the hair root.

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Hair Shaft

The visible part of the hair.

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Hair Root

The part of the hair embedded in the skin.

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Skin Function (Hair)

Hair helps insulate, protects, and senses touch.

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Hair Papilla

A small, cone-shaped structure located at the base of the hair follicle, containing areolar connective tissue and blood vessels that provide nutrients to the growing hair.

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Hair Matrix

A germinal layer of cells located within the hair bulb, responsible for hair growth by producing new hair cells.

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Arrector Pili Muscle

A small, smooth muscle attached to each hair follicle, responsible for causing hair to stand on end.

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Hair Root Plexus

A network of nerve endings surrounding the hair follicle, responsible for detecting touch sensations.

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Lanugo Hair

Fine, non-pigmented hair that covers the fetus in the womb.

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Terminal Hair

Long, coarse, and heavily pigmented hair found on the eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp.

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Vellus Hair

Short, fine, pale hair found covering most of the body.

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Nail Function

Protective covering for the fingertips, providing support and enhancing touch perception.

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Thermoregulation

The process of maintaining a stable body temperature.

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How does the skin regulate temperature?

The skin regulates temperature by sweating and adjusting blood flow.

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Skin's Blood Reservoir

The dermis contains a significant amount of blood vessels, holding 8-10% of the body's total blood.

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Skin Protection: Keratin

Keratin is a tough protein that protects the skin from microbes, abrasion, heat, and chemicals.

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Skin Protection: Lipids

Lipids released by the skin prevent water loss and keep the skin hydrated.

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Skin Protection: Sebum

Sebum, an oily substance produced by sebaceous glands, helps keep the skin and hair from drying out and has antibacterial properties.

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Skin Protection: Melanin

Melanin, a pigment produced by melanocytes, protects the skin from harmful UV radiation.

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Skin Protection: Immune Cells

Macrophages in the skin alert the immune system to infections and destroy bacteria and viruses.

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Wound Healing Phases

Deep wound healing involves four distinct phases: Inflammatory, Migratory, Proliferative, and Maturation.

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Inflammatory Phase

The first phase of deep wound healing, where a blood clot forms, inflammation occurs, and helpful cells are delivered to the wound.

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Migratory Phase

The second phase where the blood clot turns into a scab, and epithelial cells migrate to bridge the wound while fibroblasts create scar tissue.

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Proliferative Phase

The third phase where epithelial cells grow beneath the scab, collagen fibers are deposited, and blood vessels continue to grow.

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Maturation Phase

The final phase where the scab falls off as the epidermis returns to normal thickness, scar tissue forms, and the wound heals completely.

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What is a Hypertrophic Scar?

A hypertrophic scar remains within the boundaries of the original wound and forms excess collagen in the affected area.

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What is a Keloid Scar?

A keloid scar extends beyond the boundaries of the original wound, growing into surrounding normal tissue.

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Scar Tissue vs. Normal Skin

Scar tissue differs from normal skin in its densely packed collagen fibers, reduced elasticity, fewer blood vessels, and potential lack of hairs, glands, and sensory structures.

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Study Notes

Human Integumentary System

  • The integumentary system encompasses the skin, hair, nails, oil glands, sweat glands, and sensory receptors. It's the largest organ system by weight.

Outline of Human Integumentary System

  • Structure of the Skin:

    • Skin (cutaneous membrane) covers the body's external surface; it's the largest organ.
    • Parts of the Skin:
      • Epidermis: The superficial, thinner portion made of epithelial tissue.
      • Dermis: The deeper, thicker layer of connective tissue, containing blood vessels, nerves and the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis).

  • Accessory Structures of the Skin:

    • Hair (pili): Present on most body surfaces except palms and soles. Functions include protection, heat loss control, and sensory input.

  • Skin Glands:

    • Sebaceous (oil): Produces sebum for lubrication and preventing dryness.
    • Eccrine: These glands regulate body temperature by releasing perspiration.
    • Apocrine: This gland releases perspiration for odor.
    • Ceruminous: Located in the auditory canal; produces earwax.

  • Nails:

    • Keratinized stratum found on the dorsal surfaces of the fingertips and toes. Protecting the ends of the fingers and toes; helps with tactile input.

  • Types of Skin:

    • Thin skin: Found over most of the body--four epidermal layers.
    • Thick skin: Found on palms and soles; five epidermal layers.

  • Functions of the Skin:

    • Thermoregulation: Maintaining a stable body temperature.
    • Storage of blood: Dermis houses a significant portion of circulating blood.
    • Protection:
      • Keratin, lipids, sebum prevent water loss, and pathogens entering.
    • Cutaneous sensations: Touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain.
    • Excretion and absorption. It excretes cellular waste products and absorbs substances such as lipids and vitamins.
    • Synthesis of vitamin D: The skin plays a role in vitamin D production with the help of sunlight.

Structures of the Skin

  • The epidermis is the outermost layer, composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. It's uniquely structured, providing protection.
  • Principal Types of Cells:
    • Keratinocytes (90%): Tough protein keratin in cytoplasm preventing dehydration; lamellar granules release a water repellent sealant.
    • Melanocytes (8%): Produce melanin for skin pigment and UV protection.
    • Intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells): They are part of the immune system, responding to microbial invasion.
    • Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells): These cells, in contact with sensory neurons.

Regions of the Dermis

  • Papillary region: Contains fine collagen fibers and blood vessels It has dermal papillae that increase the epidermis-dermis connection for strong adherence. It is highly innervated with touch receptors (ex. Meissner's corpuscles).
  • Reticular region: The dense irregular connective tissue, forms the majority of the dermis, provides strength, and has fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipocytes. Collagen fibers and some blood vessels, nerves, glands and hair follicles reside within the reticular region

Summary of Epidermal Strata

  • Stratum Basale: Deepest layer with stem cells that produce new keratinocytes.
  • Stratum Spinosum: Eight to ten rows of keratinocytes containing keratin filaments.
  • Stratum Granulosum: Three to five rows of cells start to die and organelles degenerate..
  • Stratum Lucidum: Present only in thick skin; clear, flat, dead keratinocytes with keratin.
  • Stratum Corneum: The outermost layer, consisting of many rows of dead keratinocytes that have mostly keratin.

Wound Healing Processes

  • Epidermal wound healing, affecting only the epidermis.
  • Deep wound healing, affecting the epidermis and dermis.
  • Four phases of deep wound healing: inflammatory, migratory, proliferative, and maturation phases.

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Human Integumentary System PDF

Description

Explore the human integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands. This quiz covers the structure of the skin, its accessory structures, and the function of various skin glands. Test your knowledge of how this vital system protects and regulates the body.

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