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Questions and Answers
What color range does eumelanin represent?
What color range does eumelanin represent?
What does melanin primarily protect against?
What does melanin primarily protect against?
Which pigment gives carrots and egg yolks their yellow-orange color?
Which pigment gives carrots and egg yolks their yellow-orange color?
What physiological change causes the skin to redden?
What physiological change causes the skin to redden?
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Which accessory structure protects the eyes from foreign particles?
Which accessory structure protects the eyes from foreign particles?
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What is the main part of the hair shaft called?
What is the main part of the hair shaft called?
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Where is melanoma primarily synthesized?
Where is melanoma primarily synthesized?
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What describes the role of hair on the head?
What describes the role of hair on the head?
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What is the outermost layer of the epidermis called?
What is the outermost layer of the epidermis called?
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Which region of the dermis is responsible for providing sensitivity to touch?
Which region of the dermis is responsible for providing sensitivity to touch?
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What type of connective tissue primarily makes up the dermis?
What type of connective tissue primarily makes up the dermis?
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Which pigment is primarily responsible for the yellow to red color in human skin?
Which pigment is primarily responsible for the yellow to red color in human skin?
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What structure increases the grip of the hand or foot?
What structure increases the grip of the hand or foot?
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What is the primary purpose of thermoregulation?
What is the primary purpose of thermoregulation?
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What important function do large collagen fibers in the reticular region of the dermis serve?
What important function do large collagen fibers in the reticular region of the dermis serve?
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Which component of the skin is primarily responsible for protection against microbes and chemicals?
Which component of the skin is primarily responsible for protection against microbes and chemicals?
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What are the small, nipple-shaped structures in the papillary region called?
What are the small, nipple-shaped structures in the papillary region called?
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What is the role of lipids released by lamellar granules?
What is the role of lipids released by lamellar granules?
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Which type of cell is NOT found in the dermis?
Which type of cell is NOT found in the dermis?
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What sensation does not fall under cutaneous sensations?
What sensation does not fall under cutaneous sensations?
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What are lipid-soluble substances that the skin can absorb?
What are lipid-soluble substances that the skin can absorb?
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Which type of wound healing occurs when only the epidermis is affected?
Which type of wound healing occurs when only the epidermis is affected?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?
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What is one of the effects of calcitriol produced with the help of vitamin D?
What is one of the effects of calcitriol produced with the help of vitamin D?
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What are the main components of the integumentary system?
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
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Which layer of the skin is composed of areolar and adipose tissue?
Which layer of the skin is composed of areolar and adipose tissue?
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What is the primary function of keratinocytes in the skin?
What is the primary function of keratinocytes in the skin?
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Which type of cell is responsible for detecting touch sensations?
Which type of cell is responsible for detecting touch sensations?
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Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the integumentary system?
Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the integumentary system?
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What kind of muscle is the arrector pili?
What kind of muscle is the arrector pili?
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What percentage of skin cells are keratinocytes?
What percentage of skin cells are keratinocytes?
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Which pigment is produced by melanocytes?
Which pigment is produced by melanocytes?
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During which stage does the hair follicle shrink and hair stops growing?
During which stage does the hair follicle shrink and hair stops growing?
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What primarily determines the color of dark-colored hair?
What primarily determines the color of dark-colored hair?
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The dermis is primarily composed of which type of tissue?
The dermis is primarily composed of which type of tissue?
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Which type of hair is described as very fine and nonpigmented, covering the fetus's body?
Which type of hair is described as very fine and nonpigmented, covering the fetus's body?
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What is the first phase of deep wound healing?
What is the first phase of deep wound healing?
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What is the primary function of nails?
What is the primary function of nails?
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During which phase do epithelial cells begin to migrate beneath the scab?
During which phase do epithelial cells begin to migrate beneath the scab?
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What is formed when fibroblasts synthesize scar tissue during the migratory phase?
What is formed when fibroblasts synthesize scar tissue during the migratory phase?
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What is the role of the hair root plexus?
What is the role of the hair root plexus?
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What contributes to the occurrence of gray hair?
What contributes to the occurrence of gray hair?
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What happens during the maturation phase of wound healing?
What happens during the maturation phase of wound healing?
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Which type of scar remains within the boundaries of the original wound?
Which type of scar remains within the boundaries of the original wound?
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Scar tissue differs from normal skin in that it has
Scar tissue differs from normal skin in that it has
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What occurs during the proliferative phase of wound healing?
What occurs during the proliferative phase of wound healing?
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Vasodilation during the inflammatory phase enhances which process?
Vasodilation during the inflammatory phase enhances which process?
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Study Notes
Human Integumentary System
- The integumentary system encompasses the skin, hair, nails, oil glands, sweat glands, and sensory receptors. It's the largest organ system by weight.
Outline of Human Integumentary System
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Structure of the Skin:
- Skin (cutaneous membrane) covers the body's external surface; it's the largest organ.
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Parts of the Skin:
- Epidermis: The superficial, thinner portion made of epithelial tissue.
- Dermis: The deeper, thicker layer of connective tissue, containing blood vessels, nerves and the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis).
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Accessory Structures of the Skin:
- Hair (pili): Present on most body surfaces except palms and soles. Functions include protection, heat loss control, and sensory input.
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Skin Glands:
- Sebaceous (oil): Produces sebum for lubrication and preventing dryness.
- Eccrine: These glands regulate body temperature by releasing perspiration.
- Apocrine: This gland releases perspiration for odor.
- Ceruminous: Located in the auditory canal; produces earwax.
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Nails:
- Keratinized stratum found on the dorsal surfaces of the fingertips and toes. Protecting the ends of the fingers and toes; helps with tactile input.
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Types of Skin:
- Thin skin: Found over most of the body--four epidermal layers.
- Thick skin: Found on palms and soles; five epidermal layers.
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Functions of the Skin:
- Thermoregulation: Maintaining a stable body temperature.
- Storage of blood: Dermis houses a significant portion of circulating blood.
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Protection:
- Keratin, lipids, sebum prevent water loss, and pathogens entering.
- Cutaneous sensations: Touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain.
- Excretion and absorption. It excretes cellular waste products and absorbs substances such as lipids and vitamins.
- Synthesis of vitamin D: The skin plays a role in vitamin D production with the help of sunlight.
Structures of the Skin
- The epidermis is the outermost layer, composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. It's uniquely structured, providing protection.
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Principal Types of Cells:
- Keratinocytes (90%): Tough protein keratin in cytoplasm preventing dehydration; lamellar granules release a water repellent sealant.
- Melanocytes (8%): Produce melanin for skin pigment and UV protection.
- Intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells): They are part of the immune system, responding to microbial invasion.
- Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells): These cells, in contact with sensory neurons.
Regions of the Dermis
- Papillary region: Contains fine collagen fibers and blood vessels It has dermal papillae that increase the epidermis-dermis connection for strong adherence. It is highly innervated with touch receptors (ex. Meissner's corpuscles).
- Reticular region: The dense irregular connective tissue, forms the majority of the dermis, provides strength, and has fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipocytes. Collagen fibers and some blood vessels, nerves, glands and hair follicles reside within the reticular region
Summary of Epidermal Strata
- Stratum Basale: Deepest layer with stem cells that produce new keratinocytes.
- Stratum Spinosum: Eight to ten rows of keratinocytes containing keratin filaments.
- Stratum Granulosum: Three to five rows of cells start to die and organelles degenerate..
- Stratum Lucidum: Present only in thick skin; clear, flat, dead keratinocytes with keratin.
- Stratum Corneum: The outermost layer, consisting of many rows of dead keratinocytes that have mostly keratin.
Wound Healing Processes
- Epidermal wound healing, affecting only the epidermis.
- Deep wound healing, affecting the epidermis and dermis.
- Four phases of deep wound healing: inflammatory, migratory, proliferative, and maturation phases.
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Description
Explore the human integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands. This quiz covers the structure of the skin, its accessory structures, and the function of various skin glands. Test your knowledge of how this vital system protects and regulates the body.
