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Questions and Answers
The hair acts as an additional layer of insulation, a '______,' if you will, to protect a dog from cold weather.
The hair acts as an additional layer of insulation, a '______,' if you will, to protect a dog from cold weather.
topcoat
The skin is one of the largest organs of the body, accounting for about ______% of body weight.
The skin is one of the largest organs of the body, accounting for about ______% of body weight.
16
The _______ is the most superficial layer of the dog’s skin.
The _______ is the most superficial layer of the dog’s skin.
epidermis
Hair is derived from the ______ and _____.
Hair is derived from the ______ and _____.
The dermis lies immediately underneath the ______.
The dermis lies immediately underneath the ______.
The dermis contains _____, _____, and ______.
The dermis contains _____, _____, and ______.
The thickest skin in dogs is found in the ______ region.
The thickest skin in dogs is found in the ______ region.
The skin prevents ______ and hydration.
The skin prevents ______ and hydration.
The hypodermis determines the dog’s appearance because of its unique ______.
The hypodermis determines the dog’s appearance because of its unique ______.
Hair is made up of hard ______.
Hair is made up of hard ______.
The three concentric layers of hair include the ______, _____, and ______.
The three concentric layers of hair include the ______, _____, and ______.
______ are typically stiffer, harder, glossier, and coarser than the softer undercoat of a dog.
______ are typically stiffer, harder, glossier, and coarser than the softer undercoat of a dog.
The skin acts as a sensory organ and helps regulate ______ change.
The skin acts as a sensory organ and helps regulate ______ change.
The ______ or ______ tissue contains fat cells that develop.
The ______ or ______ tissue contains fat cells that develop.
The ______ is the basal layer of the epidermis.
The ______ is the basal layer of the epidermis.
______ are enlarged hairs that serve as tactile receptors.
______ are enlarged hairs that serve as tactile receptors.
The dermis is composed of strong, flexible ______ tissue.
The dermis is composed of strong, flexible ______ tissue.
The hypodermis is also called ______ .
The hypodermis is also called ______ .
______ is the granular layer of the epidermis.
______ is the granular layer of the epidermis.
The vascular role of the dermis is critical for ______ regulation.
The vascular role of the dermis is critical for ______ regulation.
Canine whiskers help a dog measure ______ in the dark.
Canine whiskers help a dog measure ______ in the dark.
Sweat glands are also known as ______ glands.
Sweat glands are also known as ______ glands.
The ______ muscle is responsible for the erection of hairs in animals.
The ______ muscle is responsible for the erection of hairs in animals.
Arterial supply for the thoracic mammary glands comes from the ______ branches of the internal thoracic arteries.
Arterial supply for the thoracic mammary glands comes from the ______ branches of the internal thoracic arteries.
______ sweat glands are found in areas like the armpits and genital area.
______ sweat glands are found in areas like the armpits and genital area.
The ______ sweat glands secrete sweat directly onto the skin surface.
The ______ sweat glands secrete sweat directly onto the skin surface.
Cutaneous muscle is also known as the ______ .
Cutaneous muscle is also known as the ______ .
The venous supply of the mammary glands includes cranial and caudal ______ veins.
The venous supply of the mammary glands includes cranial and caudal ______ veins.
The ______ glands are responsible for oily secretion.
The ______ glands are responsible for oily secretion.
______ are located in the constrictor muscles of the vestibule.
______ are located in the constrictor muscles of the vestibule.
The glands of the anal sac lie in the _____ o’clock position of the anal canal.
The glands of the anal sac lie in the _____ o’clock position of the anal canal.
The _____ is located at the dorsal aspect of the tail.
The _____ is located at the dorsal aspect of the tail.
_____ serve functions such as traction, defense, and catching prey.
_____ serve functions such as traction, defense, and catching prey.
The toughest region of the canine skin is known as the ______.
The toughest region of the canine skin is known as the ______.
The rough surface of the pads is due to the presence of heavily keratinized ______ .
The rough surface of the pads is due to the presence of heavily keratinized ______ .
The _____ contribute to the strong odor of foxes in particular.
The _____ contribute to the strong odor of foxes in particular.
Glands of ear canal secretes ______.
Glands of ear canal secretes ______.
The (located above the eye), protect a dog’s eyes from dust and dirt in the air.
The (located above the eye), protect a dog’s eyes from dust and dirt in the air.
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Study Notes
Integumentary System Overview
- Composed of skin, hair, claws, pads, and mammary glands; serves as a protective covering for the body.
- Skin (Cutis) is the largest organ, accounting for 16% of body weight, continuous with mucous membranes at mucocutaneous junction.
Skin Structure and Function
- Skin thickness varies: thickest at the neck, thinner over sternum, thinnest on the ventral abdomen.
- Functions include:
- Protection against microorganisms and chemicals.
- Prevents dehydration and maintains hydration.
- Acts as a sensory organ; regulates temperature.
- Secretes and excretes substances; synthesizes Vitamin D.
- Reflects overall health condition of the animal.
Layers of the Skin
- Epidermis: Most superficial, non-vascular with stratified squamous epithelium.
- Dermis: Located beneath the epidermis with vessels, nerves, glands; provides structural support.
- Hypodermis: Composed of fat cells; also known as subcutaneous tissue.
Layers of the Epidermis
- Stratum basale: deepest layer.
- Stratum spinosum: prickle-cell layer.
- Stratum granulosum: granular layer.
- Stratum lucidum: absent in nasal skin.
- Stratum corneum: outermost "horny" layer.
Hair Structure and Function
- Hair composed of hard keratin, with three concentric layers: medulla, cortex, and cuticle.
- Types of hair include stiff guard hairs and softer undercoat; guard hairs provide insulation and protection.
Vibrissae (Whiskers)
- Enlarged tactile receptors located under the skin; assist in spatial awareness, especially in low light conditions.
Mammary Glands
- Classified into cranial and caudal thoracic, abdominal, and inguinal glands.
- Blood supply varies; thoracic glands are fed by internal thoracic arteries, and inguinal glands receive blood from external pudendal arteries.
Skin Muscles and Glands
- Erector pili muscle: causes hair to stand up (piloerection) in response to cold or fear.
- Cutaneous muscle: allows skin movement and twitches.
- Sweat glands: Eccrine (direct secretion) and apocrine (secreted into hair follicles).
- Sebaceous glands: produce oily secretions for skin lubrication.
Glands Associated with Reproductive and Sensory Function
- Bartholin glands: secrete mucus, active during estrus.
- Glands of anal sac: produce a foul-smelling viscous liquid.
- Supracaudal (tail) gland: involved in scent marking and species communication.
Claws and Digital Pads
- Claws serve for traction, defense, and capturing prey; consist of sole, walls, and central dorsal ridge.
- Digital pads are the toughest regions of canine skin, featuring heavily keratinized conical papillae for durability.
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